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Yury V Kissin
Polyethylene
End-Use Properties and their Physical Meaning
Table of Content
6
Introduction
10
1 Educational Minimum: Manufacture, Structure, and Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Resins
14
1.1 Classification and Applications of Polyethylene Resins
14
1.2 Catalysts for Synthesis of Polyethylene Resins
17
1.3 Industrial Processes for the Manufacture of Polyethylene Resins
19
1.4 Chemistry of Ethylene Polymerization Reactions
21
1.5 Molecular Weight Distribution of Polymers and Methods of its Analysis
24
1.6 Examples of Molecular Weight Distribution of Polyethylene Resins
27
1.7 Copolymer Statistics and its Application to Description of LLDPE and VLDPE Resins
33
1.8 Compositional Uniformity of Commercial Polyethylene Resins
35
1.9 Morphology of Polyethylene Resins
39
1.10 Mechanical Deformation of Polyethylene Resins
42
References
44
2 Melt Index and Melt Flow Ratio of Polyethylene Resin
48
2.1 Introduction
48
2.2 Basics of Polymer Rheology
Melt Flow Through a Capillary50
2.2.1 Flow of Polymer Melt Through a Cylindrical Capillary
52
2.2.2 Melt Index of Newtonian Liquid
53
2.3 Melt Flow of Monodisperse Polyethylene Resins
54
2.4 Additivity Rules for Viscosity
Calculation of Melt Indexes and Melt Flow Ratios from Molecular Weight Distribution Data56
2.4.1 Additivity Rules for Zero-Shear Viscosity .0
56
2.4.2 Additivity Rules for Effective Viscosity and General Expressions for Flow of Non-Newtonian Multi-Component Melt
57
2.5 Examples of Melt Flow Rates and Melt Flow Ratios for Polyethylene Resins of Different Types
61
2.5.1 LLDPE Resins Produced with Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
61
2.5.2 HDPE Resins with Broad Molecular Weight Distributions
64
2.5.3 Effect of Long-Chain Branching
66
References
67
3 Melting Point of Polyethylene Resin
70
3.1 Introduction
70
3.2 Melting Point of HDPE Resin
71
3.3 DSC Melting Curves and Melting Points of LLDPE and VLDPE Resins Produced with Single-Site Catalysts
74
3.3.1 Crystallization Process of Compositionally Uniform Ethylene/a-Olefin Copolymers
77
3.3.2 Model for Secondary Crystallization
78
3.3.3 Combined DSC Model for LLDPE and VLDPE Resins
79
3.4 DSC Melting Curves and Melting Points of LLDPE Resins Produced with Multi-Site Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
81
References
84
4 Crystallinity Degree and Density of Polyethylene Resins
86
4.1 Crystallinity Degree
86
4.1.1 Measurement Methods
86
4.1.2 Definition of Crystallinity Degree of LLDPE and VLDPE Resins Based on Copolymer Statistics
88
4.2 Density
89
4.2.1 Measurement Methods
90
4.2.2 Physical Meaning of Polyethylene Density
90
References
93
5 End-Use Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Film
96
5.1 Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Resins
96
5.1.1 Effect of Testing Speed on Mechanical Properties
97
5.1.2 Orientation in Polyethylene Film
98
5.2 Dart Impact Strength of LLDPE Film
100
5.2.1 Description of Dart Impact Test
100
5.2.2 Model of Dart Impact Test
102
5.2.2.1 Effects of Mechanical Properties of Resins
105
5.2.2.2 Comparison of Film Made from Ethylene/Butene and Ethylene/Hexene Copolymers
106
5.2.2.3 Effect of Copolymer Composition
107
5.2.2.4 Compositionally Uniform and Compositionally Nonuniform Resins
108
5.3 Tear Strength of LLDPE and LDPE Film
110
5.3.1 Description of Tear Test
110
5.3.2 Physical Details of Tear Test
110
5.3.3 Model of Tear Test
115
5.3.3.1 Effect of Pendulum Speed
120
5.3.3.2 Effects of Mechanical Properties of Resins
120
5.3.3.3 Effect of Film Orientation
121
5.3.3.4 Comparison of Tear Strength of Ethylene/Butene and Ethylene/Hexene Copolymers
123
5.3.3.5 Low Density Polyethylene
123
5.4 Comparison of Factors Determining Results of Tear Test and Dart Impact Test of LLDPE Film
124
References
125
6 End-Use Testing of High Molecular Weight HDPE and MDPE Resins
128
6.1 Top Load Test of HDPE Containers
128
6.1.1 Mechanics of Top Load Test
129
6.2 Dynamic Burst Test of HDPE Tubing and Pipes
131
6.3 Static Burst Test and Long-Term Fatigue in Polyethylene
132
6.3.1 Principal Equation for Low-Stress Failure
133
6.3.2 Physical Mechanism of Polymer Failure under Low Stress
135
6.4 Environmental Stress-Cracking Resistance
138
6.4.1 Description of ESCR Test
138
6.4.2 Physics of Environmental Stress Cracking
139
6.4.3 Structural Parameters of HDPE Resins Affecting ESCR
140
6.4.4 Relationship between ESCR and Long-Term Fatigue in Polyethylene
143
6.4.5 Mechanism of Environmental Stress Cracking
145
References
148
Index
152
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