Reactive Polymer Blending

Foreword

Contents

Contributors

Preface

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

1.2 Important Blending Principles

1.3 A Historical Perspective on Reactive Blending

1.4 The Evolution of Commercial Practice

1.4.1 Patents and Products

1.4.2 Processing

1.5 Summary

References

2 Types of Reactive Polymers Used in Blending

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Compatibility in Polymer Blends

2.2.1 Basic Concepts

2.2.2 Strategies for Blend Compatibilization

2.3 Preparation of Reactive Polymers

2.4 Types of Compatibilizing Reactions

2.5 Types of Reactive Polymers and Their Applications

2.5.1 Reactive Polymers Having MAn Functionality

2.5.2 Reactive Polymers with Carboxylic Acid Functionality

2.5.3 Reactive Polymers Capable of Interchange Reactions

2.5.4 Reactive Polymers Containing Primary and Secondary Amines

2.5.5 Reactive Polymers Containing Hydroxyl Groups

2.5.6 Reactive Polymers Containing Heterocyclic Groups

2.5.7 Reactive Polymers Capable of Ionic Interactions

2.5.8 Miscellaneous Reactive Polymers

2.6 Concluding Remarks

List of Abbreviations

References

3 Reactive Blending with Immiscible Functional Polymers: Molecular, Morphological, and Interfacial Aspects

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Reactive Versus Physical Blending with Respect to Compatibilization

3.2.1 Similarities and Differences

3.2.2 Industrial Feasibility and Current Trends

3.3 In Situ Interfacial Chemical Reactions of Functional Polymers

3.3.1 Types of In Situ Chemical Reactions Involved

3.3.2 Kinetics of Interfacial Reactions and Molecular Characterization

3.4 Effects of Reactive Blending on Phase Morphology

3.4.1 Effect of Reactive Blending on Phase Morphology Generation

3.4.2 Effect of Reactive Blending on Phase Stabilisation in the Melt

3.4.3 Effect of Reactive Blending on Phase Co-Continuity

3.4.4 Interfacial Stability of the In Situ Formed Copolymer

3.5 Effect of Reactive Blending on Crystallization of Blends Containing Crystallizable Components

3.6 Blend Interface Characterization

3.6.1 General Aspects Concerning Polymer/Polymer Interfaces

3.6.2 Determination of the Interfacial Tension in Reactively Compatibilized Blends

3.6.3 Determination of the Interfacial Thickness in Reactive Blends

3.7 General Conclusions

References

4 Key Role of Structural Features of Compatibilizing Polymer Additives in Reactive Blending

4.1 Introduction

4.2 General Principles

4.3 Molecular Architecture of the Compatibilizer

4.3.1 Alternative 1

4.3.2 Alternative 2

4.3.3 Alternative 3

4.4 Phase Morphology Development

4.5 Effect of the Interfacial Reaction on the Phase Morphology Development

4.6 Effect of the Molecular Characteristic Features of the Reactive Polymers

4.6.1 Kinetics of the Interfacial Reaction

4.6.2 Molecular Weight of the Compatibilizer Precursors

4.6.3 Reactive Group Content of the Reacting Polymers

4.6.4 Distribution of the Reactive Groups Along the Chains

4.7 Effect of Processing Conditions

4.7.1 Melting Order of the Constitutive Components of Reactive Polyblends

4.7.2 Effect of Shearing

4.7.3 Initial State of Dispersion

4.7.4 Mixing Temperature

4.8 Conclusions

References

5 Morphological and Rheological Aspects of Reactive Polymer Blending

5.1 Morphology Development During Blending of Immiscible Polymers

5.1.1 The Melting Regime

5.1.2 The Melt Flow Regime

5.1.3 Final Morphology of Reactive Blends

5.1.4 Miscible Reactive Polymer Blends

5.2 Rheological Aspects of Reactive Polymer Blending

5.2.1 Rheological Changes During Blending

5.2.2 Rheology of Reactively Compatibilized Polymer Blends

5.3 Conclusions

5.4 Future Challenges

References

6 Reactive Blending in Screw Extruders

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Reactive Blending in Mixers

6.2.1 Copolymer Formation at Polymer/Polymer Interfaces

6.2.2 Batch Mixers for Reactive Blending

6.2.3 Reactive Blending in Screw Extruders

6.4 One-Step and Two-Step Reactive Blending Processes

6.4.1 PP/PA6 Blends

6.4.2 PP/PBT Blends

6.5 Concluding Remarks

References

7 Extrusion Equipment for Reactive Blending

7.1 Extruders Used for Reactive Blending

7.2 Mixing Mechanism

7.2.1 Distributive and Dispersive Mixing

7.2.2 Dissipative Melting

7.3 Residence Time and Residence Time Distribution

7.4 Devolatilization

7.5 Microstructure Development and Monitoring in Reactive Blending

7.6 Hybridized Polymer Processing Systems

7.7 Conclusions

References

8 Rubber Toughening of Polyamides by Reactive Blending

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Evolution of Polyamide Impact Modification Technology

8.3 Comparison of Reactivity vs. Toughening Efficiency of Various Functional Rubbers

8.4 Toughening Efficiency of Maleated EP Rubbers

8.4.1 Effect of Maleic Anhydride Content

8.4.2 Effect of Polyamide End Groups

8.5 Toughening Efficiency of Maleated Styrene-Ethylene/Butylene-Styrene (M-SEBS) Block Copolymer Rubbers

8.6 Effect of Mixtures of Reactive and Non-Reactive (Maleated and Unmaleated) Rubbers

8.7 Reactive Toughening of PA6 with Acyllactam-Grafted EP Rubbers

8.8 Toughening of Polyamides with Maleated LDPE

8.9 High Impact Polyamide/ABS Blend

8.10 Toughening Mechanisms in Rubber Modified Polyamides

8.10.1 Role of Rubber Particle Size on Polyamide Toughness

8.10.2 Role of Rubber Particle Cavitation on the PA Matrix Toughening

8.11 Rubber Toughening of Reinforced Polyamides

8.12 Applications of Rubber Toughened Polyamide

8.13 High Rubber/Polyamide Blends

8.14 Polyamide/Reactive Rubber Blending Process

8.16 Future Directions in Rubber Toughened Polyamides

References

9 Compatibilization Using Low Molecular Weight Reactive Additives

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Free Radical Reactivity and Compatibilization of Polyolefins

9.3 Polyethylene/Polystyrene Compatibilization

9.4 Compatibilization of Polyolefin/Polyamide Blends

9.5 Development of the Vector Fluid Compatibilization Concept

9.6 Special Peroxide

9.7 Inorganic Catalyst for PE/PS Compatibilization

9.8 A Recent Example

9.9 Summary

References

Index