Heat Treatment

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Introduction

1 Welcome

2 The Science of Thermal Treatment

2.1 What is Heat Treatment?

2.2 Is Heat Treatment Really That Important?

2.3 Why Is This Chapter Titled “The Science of Thermal Treatment”?

2.4 What Temperatures Are Involved in Thermal Treatment?

2.5 What Happens during the Heat Treatment Hardening Process?

2.6 Why is Heat-Treated Steel Referred to as a Crystal Structure?

2.7 There Are All Kinds of Metals; Will This Manual Deal with Which Ones to Use?

2.8 What Is Steel?

2.9 It Appears That There Are Many Types of Heat-Treating: Is That So?

2.10 Why Does Tempering a Heat-Treated Steel Sound So Critical?

2.11 How Do They Keep a Steel from Losing Hardness?

2.12 Does Heat-Treated Steel Age and Change Its Hardness over Time?

2.13 How Did They Heat-Treat Steel in a Forge without Temperature Controls?

2.14 Is Heat Treatment in Forges Still Practiced?

2.15 Why Does Tool Steel Cost So Much versus Carbon Steel?

3 The Focus of Thermal Treatment

4 Safety

5 Heat-Treating is a Science

6 Making Metal

7 Making Steel

7.1 Iron: the Basic Building Block for Ferrous Metals

7.2 Additional Forms of Iron

7.3 The Steel-Making Process

7.4 Carbon Steel Grades

7.5 Decarburized Steel Surfaces

8 Making Stainless Steel

8.1 Austenitic Stainless

8.2 Martensitic Stainless

8.3 Ferritic Stainless

8.4 Duplex Stainless

8.5 Precipitation-Hardening Stainless

8.6 Superalloy Materials

9 Basic Metallurgy

9.1 Temperatures and Transformations

9.2 The TTT Diagram

9.3 Other Areas of Metallurgy

10 Heat-Treating Equipment

10.1 Open-Atmosphere Furnaces

10.2 Controlled-Atmosphere Furnaces

10.3 Popular Furnace Types and their Hardening Processes

11 Heat-Treatment Tools

11.1 Support Racks

11.2 Pyrometer

11.3 Tongs

11.4 Parts Mover

11.5 Hardness Testers

11.6 Racks and Fixtures

11.7 Clothes and Apparel

11.8 Calibration Equipment

11.9 Fire Protection

12 Surface Decarb Protection

12.1 Diamond Block

12.2 Stainless Steel Foil

12.3 Decarb Protective Paints

12.4 Anti-Scaling Powder

13 Grain Structure

13.1 Grain Size

14 The Many Types of Thermal Treatment

14.1 Overview of Processes

14.2 Stress Relieving

15 Annealing

15.1 Spheroidize Annealing (Process)

15.2 Full Annealing (Process)

15.3 Box Annealing (Method)

15.4 In-Process Anneal (Method)

15.5 Bright Annealing (Method)

15.6 Normalizing (Process)

15.7 Flame Annealing (Method)

15.8 Isothermal Annealing (Method)

16 Loading the Furnace

16.1 Racks

16.2 Fixtures

17 Heat-Treating Processes

107

17.1 Why Preheat?

17.2 Equalizing

17.3 Physical Loading the Furnace

18 The Heat-Treating Processes

111

18.1 Austenization or Solution Heat-Treating

19 The Heat-Treating Processes

114

19.1 Quench Media

20 The Heat-Treating Processes

120

20.1 The Time Factor

20.2 Circulation and Loading

20.3 What to Watch for When Tempering

20.4 Multiple Tempering Cycles

20.5 Tempering Cost and Time Savers

21 The Heat-Treating Processes

124

21.1 Cryogenic Levels

21.2 Cryogenics as an Aging Tool

21.3 Cryogenic Stress Relief

21.4 Nonferrous Metals

21.5 Summary

Introduction for Chapters 22, 23 & 24

22 Heat-Treating Air-Hardening Tool Steels

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Steps for the Heat-Treating of Air-Hardening Steels

22.3 Surface Finishing

23 Heat-Treating: Oil-Hardening Tool Steels

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Steps for the Heat-Treating of Oil-Hardening Steels

23.3 Surface Finishing

24 Heat-Treating: Water-Hardening Tool Steels

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Steps for the Heat-Treating of Water-Hardening Steels

24.3 Surface Finishing

25 Case Hardening

25.1 Carburization

25.2 Pack Hardening Box

25.3 Liquid Salts Carburizing

25.4 Gas Carburizing

25.5 Carbonitriding

25.6 Nitriding

25.7 Carburizing Paste or Powders

25.8 Hardening Case-Hardening Steels

26 Gizmo Heat-Treat Failures

26.1 Thermal Treatment CSI* Detective

26.2 “For The Record” (Record Keeping)

26.3 Failure Detection

26.4 Metallurgist Analyses

27 Furnace Temperature Uniformity

27.1 Testing for Temperature Uniformity

27.2 Minimal Testing

28 Selection Of Tool Steel Grades

28.1 The Steel Selection

28.2 Guidelines

29 Material Testing

29.1 Spark Testing

29.2 Chemical Testing Metals

30 Grade Heat-Treating Charts

A2 Tool Steel

A6 Tool Steel

A8 Tool Steel

A9 Tool Steel

A10 Tool Steel

D2 Tool Steel

D3 Tool Steel

D5 Tool Steel

D7 Tool Steel

H11 Tool Steel

H12 Tool Steel

H13 Tool Steel

H19 Tool Steel

H21 Tool Steel

L2 Tool Steel

L6 Tool Steel

M1 High Speed Steel

M2 High Speed Steel

M3-Type 1 High Speed Steel

M3-Type 2 High Speed Steel

M4 High Speed Steel

M7 High Speed Steel

M42 High Speed Steel

O1 Tool Steel

O6 Tool Steel

P2 Mold Steel

P6 Mold Steel

P20 Mold Steel

P21 Mold Steel

S1 Tool Steel

S2 Tool Steel

S5 Tool Steel

S7 Tool Steel

T1 High Speed Steel

T5 High Speed Steel

T15 High Speed Steel

W1 Tool Steel

W2 Tool Steel

W5 Tool Steel

17-4 PH Stainless Steel

17-7 PH Stainless Steel

410 Stainless Steel

416 Stainless Steel

420 Stainless Steel

440A Stainless Steel

440B Stainless Steel

440C Stainless Steel

1030 Carbon Steel

1040 Carbon Steel

1045 Carbon Steel

1050 Carbon Steel

1060 Carbon Steel

1080 Carbon Steel

1095 Carbon Steel

1141 Carbon Steel

4130 Medium Alloy Steel

4140 Medium Alloy Steel

4150 Medium Alloy Steel

4340 Medium Alloy Steel

6150 Medium Alloy Steel

8620 Carbon Steel

E9310 Carbon Steel

Powdered Metals

Appendix A: Suggested Tool Steels Uses

Appendix B: Glossary

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