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E. Alfredo Campo
Industrial Polymers
Preface
8
Contents
10
1 Introduction to Industrial Polymers
16
1.1 Beginning of Industrial Polymers
17
1.2 Polymer Families
19
1.3 Thermoplastic Polymers
20
1.3.1 Classifi cation of Polymers by Performance
20
1.3.2 Molecular Structure of Industrial Polymers
22
1.4 Manufacturing of Industrial Polymers
23
1.5 Compounding the Industrial Polymers
27
1.6 Additives
28
1.7 Fillers and Reinforcements
29
1.8 Impact Modifi ers
30
1.9 Colorants
30
2 Polymeric Materials
32
2.1 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-StyreneCopolymer (ABS)
32
2.1.1 Advantages of ABS
33
2.1.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of ABS
34
2.1.3 Typical Applications of ABS
34
2.2 Acetal (POM, Polyacetal)
35
2.2.1 Advantages of Acetal
38
2.2.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of Acetal
38
2.2.3 Typical Applications of Acetal
38
2.3 Polymethyl Metacrylate (Acrylic, PMMA)
40
2.3.1 Advantages of Acrylic
41
2.3.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of Acrylic
41
2.3.3 Typical Applications of Acrylic
42
2.4 High Temperature Nylon (HTN)
42
2.4.1 Advantages of HTN
43
2.4.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of HTN
44
2.4.3 Typical Applications of HTN
44
2.5 Ionomer Polymers
45
2.5.1 Advantages of Ionomers
46
2.5.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of Ionomers
46
2.5.3 Typical Applications of Ionomers
47
2.6 Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP)
47
2.6.1 Advantages of LCP
48
2.6.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of LCP
48
2.6.3 Typical Applications of LCP
49
2.7 Polyamide (PA, Nylon)
49
2.7.1 Advantages of Nylon
52
2.7.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of Nylon
52
2.7.3 Typical Applications of Nylon
53
2.8 Polyetherimide (PEI)
55
2.8.1 Advantages of PEI
56
2.8.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PEI
56
2.8.3 Typical Applications of PEI
57
2.9 Polyarylate (PAR)
57
2.9.1 Advantages of PAR
59
2.9.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PAR
59
2.9.3 Typical Applications of PAR
60
2.10 Polyetherether Ketone (PEEK)
60
2.10.1 Advantages of PEEK
61
2.10.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PEEK
62
2.10.3 Typical Applications of PEEK
62
2.11 Polycarbonate (PC)
62
2.11.1 Advantages of PC
64
2.11.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PC
64
2.11.3 Typical Applications of PC
65
2.12 Modifi ed Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO)
66
2.12.1 Advantages of PPO
67
2.12.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PPO
68
2.12.3 Typical Applications of PPO
68
2.13 Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)
69
2.13.1 Advantages of PBT
70
2.13.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PBT
70
2.13.3 Typical Applications of PBT
70
2.14 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
71
2.14.1 Advantages of PET
73
2.14.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PET
74
2.14.3 Typical Applications of PET
74
2.15 Polyethylene (PE)
74
2.15.1 Advantages of PE
76
2.15.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PE
76
2.15.3 Typical Applications of PE
77
2.16 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)
78
2.17 Ethylene N-Butyl Acrylate (ENBA)
78
2.18 Ethylene Methyl Acrylate (EMA)
79
2.19 Ethylene Ethyl Acrylate (EEA)
79
2.20 Ultrahigh Molecular WeightPolyethylene (UHMWPE)
79
2.21 Metallocene Polyethylene (MPE)
79
2.22 Polytetrafl uoroethylene (PTFE)
80
2.22.1 Advantages of PTFE
83
2.22.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PTFE
83
2.22.3 Typical Applications of PTFE
84
2.23 Polyphenylene Sulfi de (PPS)
85
2.23.1 Advantages of PPS
86
2.23.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PPS
86
2.23.3 Typical Applications of PPS
87
2.24 Polypropylene (PP)
87
2.24.1 Advantages of PP
89
2.24.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PP
89
2.24.3 Typical Applications of PP
90
2.25 Polystyrene (PS)
91
2.25.1 Advantages of PS
92
2.25.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PS
92
2.25.3 Typical Applications of PS
93
2.26 Polysulfone (PSU)
93
2.26.1 Advantages of PSU
95
2.26.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PSU
95
2.26.3 Typical Applications of PSU
95
2.27 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
96
2.27.1 Advantages of PVC
97
2.27.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PVC
98
2.27.3 Typical Applications of PVC
98
2.28 Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN)
99
2.28.1 Advantages of SAN
100
2.28.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of SAN
100
2.28.3 Typical Applications of SAN
100
2.28.4 Typical Applications for OSA and ASA
101
3 Thermoplastic Elastomers(TPE)
102
3.1 Advantages of TPE
102
3.2 Disadvantages of TPE
103
3.3 Thermoplastic Elastomer Families
104
3.4 Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer(TPU)
105
3.4.1 Advantages of TPU
107
3.4.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of TPU
107
3.4.3 Typical Applications of TPU
108
3.5 Styrenic Block Copolymer (SBS
108
3.5.1 Advantages of SBS
110
3.5.2 Disadvantages and Limitation of SBS
110
3.5.3 Typical Applications of SBS
110
3.6 Polyolefin Thermoplastic Elastomer(TPO)
111
3.6.1 Advantages of TPO
113
3.6.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of TPO
114
3.6.3 Typical Applications of TPO
114
3.7 Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV)
115
3.7.1 Advantages of TPV
117
3.7.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of TPV
117
3.7.3 Typical Applications of TPV
117
3.8 Melt Processible Rubber (MPR)
118
3.8.1 Advantages of MPR
120
3.8.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of MPR
120
3.8.3 Typical Applications of MPR
120
3.9 Block Copolyester ThermoplasticElastomer
121
3.9.1 Advantages
124
3.9.2 Disadvantages and Limitations
125
3.9.3 Typical Applications
125
3.10 Polyamide Thermoplastic Elastomer
126
3.10.1 Advantages
128
3.10.2 Disadvantages and Limitations
128
3.10.3 Typical Applications
129
4 Liquid Injection MoldingSilicone (LIM®)
130
4.1 LIM® Silicone Processing
131
4.1.1 Liquid Components Feeding System
131
4.1.2 Injection Molding Machine Modifi cations
132
4.1.3 LIM® Mold Requirements
132
4.1.4 LIM® Mold Design Recommendations
133
4.2 Advantages of LIM®
133
4.3 Disadvantages and Limitations of LIM®
134
4.4 Typical Applications of LIM®
134
5 Industrial Thermoset Polymers
136
5.1 Polyester Alkyd (PAK)
138
5.1.1 Advantages of PAK
139
5.1.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PAK
139
5.1.3 Typical Applications of PAK
139
5.2 Diallyl Phthalate/ Isophthalate(DAP, DAIP)
140
5.2.1 Advantages of DAP
141
5.2.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of DAP
141
5.2.3 Typical Applications of DAP
142
5.3 Melamine Formaldehyde (MF)
142
5.3.1 Advantages of MF
143
5.3.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of MF
144
5.3.3 Typical Applications of MF
144
5.4 Cellulose Ester
144
5.4.1 Advantages of Cellulose Ester
144
5.4.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of CelluloseEster
145
5.4.3 Typical Applications of Cellulose Ester
145
5.5 Cyanate
146
5.5.1 Advantages of Cyanate
148
5.5.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of Cyanate
149
5.5.3 Typical Applications of Cyanate
149
5.6 Epoxy (EP)
149
5.6.1 Advantages of Epoxy
151
5.6.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of Epoxy
152
5.6.3 Typical Applications of Epoxy
152
5.7 Phenol Formaldehyde (Phenolic, PF)
152
5.7.1 Advantages of Phenolics
154
5.7.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of Phenolics
155
5.7.3 Typical Applications of Phenolics
155
5.8 Polybutadiene (PB)
156
5.8.1 Advantages of PB
156
5.8.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PB
156
5.8.3 Typical Applications of PB
156
5.9 Bismaleimide (BMI)
157
5.9.1 Advantages of BMI
158
5.9.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of BMI
158
5.9.3 Typical Applications of BMI
158
5.10 Unsaturated Polyester (UP)
158
5.10.1 Advantages of UP
161
5.10.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of UP
161
5.10.3 Typical Applications of UP
161
5.11 Polyimide (PI)
162
5.11.1 Advantages of PI
163
5.11.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PI
163
5.11.3 Typical Applications of PI
164
5.12 Polyxylene
165
5.12.1 Advantages of Polyxylene
165
5.12.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of Polyxylene
165
5.12.3 Typical Applications of Polyxylene
165
5.13 Polyurethane (PUR)
166
5.13.1 Advantages of PUR
169
5.13.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of PUR
169
5.13.3 Typical Applications of PUR
170
5.14 Silicone (Si)
170
5.14.1 Advantages of Si
171
5.14.2 Disadvantages and Limitations of Si
171
5.14.3 Typical Applications of Si
172
5.15 Urethane Hybrid
173
5.15.1 Reaction Injection Molding (RIM)
174
5.15.2 SRIM Processing
174
5.15.3 Advantages of Urethane Hybrid
175
5.15.4 Disadvantages and Limitations of UrethaneHybrid
175
5.15.5 Typical Applications of Urethane Hybrid
175
5.16 Vinyl Ester (BPA)
176
5.16.1 Advantages of this Process
178
5.16.2 Advantages of Vinyl Ester
178
5.16.3 Disadvantages and Limitations of Vinyl Ester
179
5.16.5 Typical Applications of Vinyl Ester
179
Selected References
180
Appendix
182
Acronyms for Polymeric Materials
182
Common Acronyms
184
Process Acronyms
184
Reinforcement and Filler Acronyms
185
English and Metric Units, Conversion Guide
186
Subject Index
188
About the Author
194
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