Polymeric Nanocomposites

Preface

Table of Content

1 Introduction

1.1 Polymer Nanocomposites

1.2 Commercial Potential

1.3 Book Structure

1.4 References

2 Preparation and Synthesis

2.1 Polymer Nanocomposites

2.1.1 Morphology of Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites

2.1.2 Structure of Layered Silicates

2.1.3 Organically Modified Clay

2.1.4 Formation of Polymer Nanocomposites

2.1.5 Effect of Cation Exchange Capacity on Organoclay

2.1.6 Effect of Organic Cation Structure on Organoclay

2.2 Nanocomposites - Preparation and Synthesis

2.2.1 Solution Dispersion

2.2.2 In-Situ Polymerization

2.2.3 Melt Intercalation

2.2.4 Effect of Mixing

2.3 Polymer Matrices: Thermoplastics, Thermosets, Elastomers, Natural, and Biodegradable Polymers

2.3.1 Thermoplastics

2.3.2 Elastomers

2.3.3 Thermosets

2.3.4 Natural and Biodegradable Polymers

References

3 Fundamental Issues in Nanocomposite Synthesis

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Thermodynamics and Interactions

3.2.1 General Thermodynamic Relationships

3.2.2 Multi-Component Systems

3.2.3 Surface Free Energy

3.2.4 Types of Interfacial Interactions

3.3 Models of Nanocomposites at Equilibrium

3.3.1 Introduction

3.3.2 Mean-Field, Lattice-Based Model

3.3.3 Self-Consistent Field Approach (SFC)

3.3.4 Density Functional Theory (DFT)

3.4 Mixing in Nanocomposite Synthesis

3.4.1 Distributive Mixing

3.4.2 Mixing Quality in Nanocomposites

3.5 Mechanics of Particle Separation and Agglomerate Dispersion

3.5.1 Separation of Spherical Particles

3.5.2 Separation of Platelets

3.5.3 Peeling and Lap Shearing Models

3.5.4 Rupture and Erosion

3.6 Mechanism and Kinetics of Polymer Melt Intercalation

3.6.1 Intercalation Mechanism

3.6.2 Intercalation Kinetics

3.7 Crystallization of Polymers in Nanocomposites

3.7.1 Crystallization of Polymers

3.7.2 Crystalline Structure and Morphology

3.7.3 Crystallization Kinetics

3.7.4 The Crystalline Structure of PA-6

3.7.5 Polymer Crystallization in Nanocomposites

3.7.6 Morphological Effects

3.8 References

4 Rheology of Nanocomposites

4.1 Rheology of Multiphase Systems

4.2 Rheology of Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites

4.3 Recent Studies on Rheology

4.4 Measurement Techniques

4.4.1 Steady Shear Measurements

4.4.2 Dynamic Shear Measurements

4.4.3 Extensional Rheology Measurements

4.4.4 Measured Parameters

4.5 Steady Shear Rheology

4.5.1 Steady Shear Rheology of Nanocomposites

4.5.2 Shear Thinning Behavior

4.5.3 Normal Stress Behavior

4.6 Dynamic Rheology

4.6.1 Dynamic Rheology of Nanocomposites

4.6.2 Percolation Threshold

4.6.3 Time-Temperature Superposition

4.6.4 Cox-Merz Rule

4.7 Non Linear Viscoelastic Properties

4.8 Extensional Rheology

4.8.1 Fundamentals

4.8.2 Extensional Rheology of Nanocomposites

4.8.3 Drawing of Molten Monofilament after Extrusion

4.9 Rheological Modeling of Nanocomposites

4.9.1 Steady Shear Models

4.9.2 Viscoelastic Models

4.9.3 Extensional Rheology

4.10 Summary

References

5 Processing of Nanocomposites

5.1 Introduction

5.1 Extrusion

5.1.1 Dispersion of Clay

5.1.2 Effect of Extruder Types

5.1.3 Effect of Processing Conditions

5.2 Injection Molding

5.2.1 Structural Hierarchy

5.2.2 Barrier and Mechanical Properties for Injection Molded Products

5.2.3 Microcellular Injection Molding

5.3 Blow Molding

5.3.1 Barrier Properties of Blow Molded Products

5.4 Foaming

5.5 Rotational Molding

References

6 Structure and Properties Characterization

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Scattering Techniques

6.2.1 X-ray Scattering Fundamentals

6.2.2 X-Ray Scattering Studies on Polymer Nanocomposites

6.2.3 Small Angle Light Scattering (SALS)

6.2.4 Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS)

6.3 Microscopic Techniques

6.3.1 Electron Microscopy

6.3.2 Electron Microscopy Studies on Polymer Nanocomposites

6.4 Spectroscopic Techniques

6.4.1 Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy

6.4.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

6.4.3 Ultraviolet (UV) Spectroscopy

6.5 Chromatography

6.6 Solid-State Characterization: Mechanical Testing

6.6.1 Mechanical Testing

6.6.2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)

6.7 Thermal Characterization

6.7.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

6.7.2 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)

6.7.3 Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT)

6.7.4 Cone Calorimetry

References

7 Application of Polymer Nanocomposites

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Thermoplastics

7.2.1 Polyethylene (PE)

7.2.2 Polypropylene (PP)

7.2.3 Polyamides (PA)

7.2.4 Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA)

7.2.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

7.2.6 Versatile Nanocarbons

7.3 Thermosets

7.3.1 Polyurethanes (PU)

7.3.2 Epoxies

7.3.3 Unsaturated Polyesters (UPE)

7.3.4 Phenolics

7.4 Biodegradable Polymers

7.4.1 Polylactide (PLA) and its Nanocomposites

7.4.2 Polycaprolactone (PCL)

7.4.3 Starch

7.5 Final Comments

References

Index