Atlas of Polymer Structures

Contents

Part.I – Introduction

1 Overview

1.1 Aim of the Atlas

1.2 Molecular Structures

1.2.1 Constitution

1.2.2 Configuration

1.2.3 Conformation

1.3 Supramolecular Structures and Morphology

1.3.1 Homopolymers

1.3.2 Copolymers

1.3.3 Polymer Blends

1.3.4 Composites

1.3.5 Additional Morphologies

1.4 Mechanical Behavior

1.4.1 Types of Deformation

1.4.2 Deformation Mechanisms

1.4.3 Fracture

2 Techniques and Methods

2.1 Microscopic Techniques

2.2.1 Overview

2.1.2 Optical Microscopy

2.1.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy

2.1.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy

2.1.5 Atomic Force Microscopy

2.1.6 Image Processing and Image Analysis

2.2 Sample Preparation Methods

2.2.1 Overview

2.2.2 Preparation of Surfaces

2.2.3 Preparation of Thin Sections

2.2.4 Contrast Enhancement

2.2.5 Stereoscopic Imaging and 3D Analysis

2.3 Deformation and Fracture Tests

3 Influences of Techniques and Methods on Micrographs

3.1 Influence of Sample Preparation

3.1.1 Influence of Fracture Processes

3.1.2 Influence of Section Thickness

3.2 Influence of Investigation Parameters in.TEM

3.2.1 Influence of Electron Beam Intensity

3.2.2 High-Resolution Micrographs

3.2.3 Tilting of the Specimen in TEM

Part.II – Groups of Polymers

1 Amorphous Polymers

1.1 Main Characteristics

1.1.1 Structure and Morphology

1.1.2 Deformation Mechanisms

1.2 Homopolymers

1.2.1 Polystyrene (PS)

1.2.2 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)

1.2.3 Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)

1.2.4 Polycarbonate (PC)

1.3 Copolymers

1.3.1 Styrene Acrylonitrile Copolymers (SAN)

1.3.2 Cyclic Olefin Copolymers (COC)

2 Semicrystalline Polymers

2.1 Overview

2.1.1 Lamellar Structure

2.1.2 Structural Hierarchy

2.1.3 Parameters Influencing Morphology

2.1.4 Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms

2.2 Polyethylenes

2.2.1 High-Density Polyethylene (Linear PE, HDPE)

2.2.2 Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE)

2.2.3 Low-Density Polyethylene (Branched PE, LDPE)

2.2.4 Linear-Low Density Polyethylenes (LLDPE, VLDPE)

2.3 Polypropylene (a-, ß-iPP, sPP)

2.3.1 PP Morphology

2.3.2 PP Deformation and Fracture Structures

2.4 Additional Polymers (PA, PVDF, PBT, PEN, PEEK, POM, PEO, sPS)

2.4.1 Morphology

2.4.2 Deformation and Fracture

3 Block Copolymers

3.1 Overview

3.1.1 Morphology of Block Copolymers

3.1.1.1 Nanostructures via Self-Assembly

3.1.1.2 Influence of Chain Architecture

3.1.1.3 Block Copolymer/Homopolymer Blends

3.1.1.4 Processing-Induced Nonequilibrium Morphologies

3.1.1.5 Block Copolymer Nanocomposites

3.1.2 Deformation Mechanisms in Block Copolymers

3.2 Block Copolymers – Morphology

3.2.1 Morphology of Diblock and Triblock Copolymers

3.2.2 Morphology of Block Copolymer / Polymer Blends

3.3 Deformation and Fracture Structures

4 Polymer Blends

4.1 Overview

4.1.1 Morphology

4.1.2 Deformation Mechanisms

4.2 Blends of Amorphous Polymer Components

4.2.1 Morphology of the Blends

4.2.2 Deformation and Fracture Structures

4.3 Blends of Amorphous and Semicrystalline Polymers

4.3.1 PE/PS Blends, Morphology, and Deformation Structures

4.3.2 PP Blends with PS and PEO

4.3.3 Blends of TPU with SAN and ABS

4.3.4 Blends of PBT/PET with PC

4.3.5 Blends of PA with ABS, HIPS, and sPS

4.3.6 PE Multiphase Blends

4.4 Blends of Semicrystalline Polymers

4.4.1 Blends of HDPE, LDPE, and VLDPE

4.4.2 PE/PP Blends

4.4.3 PP/PA Blends

4.4.4 PBT, PET Blends (with EVA, PE, PP, PA)

4.5 Rubbers and Elastomers

4.5.1 NR and SBR Blends

4.5.2 EVA Copolymer

4.5.3 Polyurethanes (PU, TPU)

4.5.4 Further Elastomers

5 Rubber-Toughened Polymers

5.1 Overview

5.1.1 Morphology

5.1.2 Basic Micromechanical Mechanisms

5.2 Systems with an Amorphous Matrix

5.2.1 High-Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)

5.2.1.1 Morphology

5.2.1.2 Deformation Mechanisms

5.2.2 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)

5.2.2.1 Morphology

5.2.2.2 ABS Deformation Mechanisms

5.2.3 Rubber-Modified SAN: SAN/EVA, SAN/CPE (ACS), SAN/PBA (ASA)

5.2.4 Rubber-Toughened PMMA (RTPMMA)

5.2.5 Additional Amorphous Rubber-Toughened Polymers (Rubber-Toughened PC, COC, Epoxy)

5.2.6 Rubber-Toughened PVC

5.2.6.1 Toughened PVC with Disperse Structure

5.2.6.2 Toughened PVC with Network Structure

5.3 Systems with Semicrystalline Matrix

5.3.1 Rubber-Modified Polypropylene (PP)

5.3.2 Rubber-Modified Polyamide

6 Composites

6.1 Main Characteristics

6.1.1 Particle-Filled Polymer Composites

6.1.2 Nanoparticle Polymer Composites

6.2 Particle-Filled Polymer Composites

6.2.1 Morphology

6.2.2 Deformation Structures

6.3 Nanoparticle-Filled Polymers (Nanocomposites)

6.3.1 Morphology

6.3.2 Deformation Structures

7 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites

7.1 Overview

7.2 Inorganic and Carbon Fiber Polymer Composites

7.3 Polymer-Polymer Composites and Natural Fiber Composites

8 Biopolymers and Polymers for.Medical Applications

8.1 Overview

8.1.1 Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers

8.1.2 Biomedical Polymers

8.2 Biobased Polymers

8.3 Medical Applications

9 Special Processing Forms

9.1 Overview

9.2 Hot-Compacted Fibers and Films

9.3 Coextruded Multilayered Polymers

9.3.1 Morphology

9.3.2 Deformation Structures

9.4 Nanofibers

9.5 Polymeric Foams and Membranes

Part.III – Tables

Table.1 Connection of Polymers with Morphological Details and.Deformation Structures

Table.2 Appearance of Morphological Details in Polymers

Table.3 Deformation and Fracture Structures in Polymers

Table.4 Structural/Morphological Details with Culinary or Natural.Backgrounds

List of Abbreviations

Subject Index