Arabinda Ghosh
Technology of Polymer Packaging
Preface
9
Acknowledgements
11
Contents
13
Abbreviations
17
1 Basics of Polymer Packaging
21
1.1 Definition of Polymers
21
1.2 Manufacturing of Polymer Resins
21
1.3 Classification of Plastics: Molecular Structure
23
1.4 Plastics Additives
24
1.4.1 Usual Additives in the Packaging Sector
25
1.4.1.2 Light Stabilizer
25
1.4.1.3 PVC Stabilizer
25
1.4.1.4 Antiblock Agents
26
1.4.1.5 Antifog Agents
26
1.4.1.6 Nucleating Agents
26
1.4.1.7 Lubricants as Processing Aids
26
1.4.1.8 Slip Agents
26
1.4.1.9 Antistatic Agents
27
1.4.1.10 Colorants
27
1.4.1.11 Optical Brighteners
27
1.4.1.12 Chemical Blowing Agents
28
1.4.1.13 Antimicrobial Agents
28
1.5 Required Performance of Polymer Packaging
28
1.6 Different Types of Polymers Used for Packaging
29
1.6.1 Polyurethanes as Adhesives
31
1.7 Short Description of Some Polymers for Packaging Applications
32
1.8 Major Polymers Used in Packaging
36
1.8.1 Important Points for the Technologist
36
References
37
2 Manufacturing of
2 Manufacturing of
39
39
2.1 Extrusion of Resins
39
2.1.1 Technology of Extrusion
40
2.1.2 Continuous Processes
46
2.1.2.1 Manufacturing of Blown Film
46
2.1.2.2 Manufacturing of Cast Film
50
2.1.2.3 Collapsible Tubes
54
2.1.2.4 Flexible Films for Packaging
59
2.1.3 Important Features for the Technologist
68
2.1.4 Discontinuous Processes
69
2.1.4.1 Injection Molding (IM)
69
2.1.4.2 Injection Blow Molding (IBM)
72
2.1.4.3 Extrusion Blow Molding (EBM)
74
2.1.4.4 Stretch Blow Molding (SBM)
76
2.1.4.5 Different Types of PET
80
2.1.4.6 Thermoforming
80
2.2 Sealing of Packages
91
2.2.1 Theory of Sealing
91
2.2.2 Principles of Heat Generation for Sealing of Packaging Materials
93
2.2.3 Technology of Sealing
94
2.2.3.1 Direct Heating Systems
95
2.2.3.2 Indirect Heating Systems
97
References
100
3 Converting of Polymer Packaging (Composite Packaging)
103
3.1 Technology of Converting
102
3.1.1 Modes of Converting Packaging Material
104
3.1.2 Technology of Coating
105
3.1.2.1 Extrusion and Coextrusion Coating
105
3.1.2.2 Coating with Lacquer
106
3.1.2.3 Coating with Polymer Dispersion
108
3.1.3 Technology of Lamination
109
3.1.3.1 Extrusion and Coextrusion Lamination
110
3.1.3.2 Dry Lamination, Solvent Based
111
3.1.3.3 Dry Lamination, Solvent-Free Adhesive
115
3.1.3.4 Glue or Water-Based Lamination
117
3.1.3.5 Wax or Hot-Melt Lamination
118
3.1.4 Important Features for the Technologist
119
3.2 Vacuum Deposition of Ultrathin Layers
120
3.2.1 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Process:
121
3.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Process
122
3.3 Radiation Upgrading of Packaging Material
124
3.3.1 Effect of Radiation on Plastics
124
3.4 Extended (Foamed) Packaging Materials
125
3.4.1 Physical Foaming with Gas
125
3.4.2 Chemical Nucleating Agents
126
3.4.3 Foam Extrusion
126
3.4.4 Foam Injection Molding
126
3.4.5 Foam Thermoforming
127
3.5 Special Topics
127
3.5.1 Sealing through Liquid and Dust
127
3.5.2 Transverse Sealing of Side-Folded Pouches
129
3.5.3 Weak Points of a Collapsible Polymer Tube
131
3.5.4 Pinholes in Packs
132
3.5.5 Complaint Management for New Technologists
133
References
134
Index
135
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