Alphonsus V. Pocius
Adhesion and Adhesives Technology
An Introduction
Preface
8
Contents
10
1 Introduction
18
1.1 Introduction and Chapter Objectives
18
1.2 Basic Definitions
19
1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Adhesive Bonding
19
1.4 Uses of Adhesive Bonding in Modern Industry
23
1.5 Economics of Adhesive Technology
29
1.6 Literature and Other Sources of Information
29
1.7 Summary
31
References.
32
2 The Mechanical Properties of Materials as They Relate to Adhesion
34
2.1 Introduction
34
2.2 Definition of Mechanical Stresses for Materials Testing
34
2.3 Stress-Strain Plots and the Definition of Materials Property Parameters
36
2.3.1 Tensile Forces
36
2.3.2 Shear Forces
39
2.3.3 Strain Energy Density
40
2.4 Introduction to Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
41
2.5 Introduction to Rheology of Liquids
44
2.6 Introduction to Linear Viscoelasticity
46
2.7 An Application of Materials Properties and Mechanics: The Bending of Beams
52
2.8 Summary
60
Bibliography.
60
Problems and Review Questions.
61
3 Mechanical Tests of Adhesive Bond Performance
64
3.1 Introduction
64
3.2 Failure Modes and the Definition of Practical Adhesion
65
3.3 Tensile Testing of Adhesive Bonds
66
3.4 Shear Loading of Adhesive Bonds
69
3.4.1 The Standard Lap Shear Specimen
71
3.4.2 Variations on the Lap Shear Specimen
74
3.4.3 Specimen for Determining the True Shear Properties of an Adhesive
77
3.4.4 The Goland-Reissner Analysis of the Lap Shear Specimen [5]
78
3.5 Cleavage Loading of Adhesive Bonds
85
3.5.1 Cleavage or Fracture Specimens
86
3.5.1.1 Double Cantilever Beam Specimens
87
3.5.1.2 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics Applied to the Double Cantilever Beam Specimen
88
3.5.2 Blister Test
90
3.5.3 Compact Tension Test
91
3.5.4 Wedge Test
91
3.6 Peel Tests
92
3.6.1 Stress Analysis in a Peel Specimen
95
3.7 Summary
99
Bibliography.
99
References.
99
Problems and Review Questions.
100
4 The Basics of Intermolecular Forces and Surface Science
102
4.1 Introduction
102
4.2 Fundamental Forces
103
4.2.1 Electrostatic Forces
104
4.2.2 van der Waals Interactions
105
4.2.2.1 Dipole–Dipole Interactions
106
4.2.2.2 Dipole-Induced Dipole
107
4.2.2.3 Dispersion Forces
108
4.2.3 Interactions through Electron Pair Sharing
110
4.2.4 Repulsive Forces
110
4.3 Surface Forces and Surface Energy
111
4.4 Work of Cohesion and Adhesion
116
4.5 Methods of Measurement of Surface Energy and Related Parameters
118
4.5.1 Surface Tension
118
4.5.1.1 Drop Weight/Volume Method
119
4.5.1.2 Du Nuoy Tensiometer
119
4.5.2 Surface Energy of Solids
119
4.5.2.1 Contact Angle Methods
120
4.5.2.2 Contact Mechanics and Direct Measurement of Solid Surface Energy
122
4.6 Surface Thermodynamics and Predictions of Surface and Interfacial Tensions
129
4.6.1 The Good-Girifalco Relationship
131
4.6.2 The Fowkes Hypothesis and Fractional Polarity
132
4.6.3 The Zisman Plot
134
4.6.4 Modern Application of Contact Angle Measurements
135
4.7 Modern Methods of Surface Analysis
137
4.7.1 Modern Methods for Analysis of the Chemistry of Surfaces
137
4.7.2 Topological Methods of Surface Analysis
139
4.8 Summary
140
Bibliography.
141
References.
141
Problems and Review Questions.
143
5 Basic Physico/Chemical Properties of Polymers
146
5.1 Introduction
146
5.2 Basic Terminology
147
5.2.1 Monomers versus Polymers
147
5.2.2 Basic Types of Polymeric Materials
147
5.2.3 Molecular Weight
149
5.3 Thermal Transitions of Polymers
151
5.3.1 Measurement of Tg
152
5.4 Dynamic Mechanical Measurements and Viscoelasticity
153
5.4.1 Methods of Measurement of Dynamic Mechanical Properties
153
5.4.2 Examples of Dynamic Mechanical Data for Polymers
155
5.5 Time-Temperature Superposition
159
5.6 Summary
161
Bibliography.
161
References.
161
6 The Relationship of Surface Science and Adhesion Science
162
6.1 Introduction
162
6.2 Rationalizations of Adhesion Phenomena
162
6.3 Electrostatic Theory of Adhesion
163
6.4 Diffusion Theory of Adhesion
166
6.4.1 Diffusive Adhesive Bonding and Block Copolymers at Interfaces
169
6.5 Mechanical Interlocking and Adhesion
172
6.5.1 Kinetics of Pore Penetration
175
6.6 Wettability and Adhesion
177
6.7 Acid-Base Interactions at Interfaces
180
6.8 Covalent Bonding at Interfaces
183
6.8.1 Coupling Agents
185
6.9 The Relationship of Fundamental Forces of Adhesion and Practical Adhesion
187
6.10 The Weak Boundary Layer
192
6.11 Summary
193
Bibliography.
193
References.
194
Problems and Review Questions.
195
7 The Surface Preparation of Adherends for Adhesive Bonding
198
7.1 Introduction
198
7.2 Plastic Surface Preparation
200
7.2.1 Corona Discharge Treatment
201
7.2.1.1 Corona Discharge Treatment of Polyethylene
202
7.2.1.2 Corona Discharge Treatment of Polypropylene
205
7.2.1.3 Corona Discharge Treatment of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
206
7.2.1.4 Corona Discharge Treatment of Other Materials
207
7.2.2 Flame Treatment
208
7.2.3 Plasma Treatment
210
7.2.3.1 Plasma Treatment of PE
211
7.2.3.2 Plasma Treatment of Other Substrates
212
7.2.4 Other Physical Treatment Methods of Polymer Surfaces
214
7.2.4.1 Treatments Using Ultraviolet Radiation
214
7.2.4.2 Other Vacuum Methods of Surface Preparation
214
7.2.5 Wet Chemical Methods of Treatment of Polymer Surfaces
215
7.2.5.1 Single Surface Chemical Functionalization and Chromic Acid Treatment of PE
215
7.2.5.2 Wet Chemical Surface Treatment of Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)
217
7.2.6 Priming of Polymer Surfaces
218
7.2.6.1 Priming of Polyolefins for Cyanoacrylates
218
7.2.6.2 Chlorinated Polyolefins
218
7.3 Metal Surface Preparation
219
7.3.1 Surface Preparation of Aluminum for Adhesive Bonding
220
7.3.1.1 The Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) Etch
220
7.4 Anodization Treatments for Adhesive Bonding of Aluminum
224
7.4.1 Mechanism of Anodization
225
7.4.2 Anodization Media
225
7.4.3 Phosphoric Acid Anodization in the Aerospace Industry
226
7.5 General Techniques for the Surface Preparation of Metals
228
7.5.1 Conversion Coatings
228
7.5.2 Abrasion
229
7.5.3 Electrochemical Methods for Treating Metals other than Aluminum
230
7.6 Summary
231
Bibliography.
231
References.
232
Problems and Review Questions.
234
8 The Chemistry and Physical Properties of Structural Adhesives
236
8.1 Introduction to Chapters 8–11 and 13
236
8.2 Introduction to Structural Adhesives
236
8.2.1 Physical Forms of Uncured Structural Adhesives
237
8.3 Chemistry of Base Resins Used in Structural Adhesives
239
8.3.1 Phenolics
239
8.3.2 Proteins
242
8.3.3 Epoxy Resins
243
8.3.3.1 Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagrams and the Cure of Epoxy Resins
247
8.3.4 Urethane Resins
249
8.3.5 Acrylics
251
8.3.6 High Temperature Performance Structural Adhesives
254
8.4 Formulation of Structural Adhesives for Optimum Performance
257
8.4.1 Formulation of Phenolic Resins
257
8.4.2 Epoxy Resins
260
8.4.3 Acrylics
267
8.4.4 High Temperature Performance Structural Adhesives
270
8.5 Summary
272
Bibliography.
272
References.
272
Problems and Review Questions.
274
9 Durability of Structural Adhesive Bonds
276
9.1 Introduction
276
9.2 Methods of Examining Durability of Structural Adhesive Bonds
276
9.3 Mechanisms of Durability Failure of Adhesive Bonds
279
9.4 Methods Used to Predict Durability
285
9.5 Summary
286
References.
288
10 The Chemistry and Physical Properties of Elastomer-Based Adhesives
290
10.1 Introduction
290
10.2 Pressure-sensitive Adhesives
290
10.2.1 Chemistry of the Base Resins Used in PSAs
291
10.2.2 Chemistry of Tackifiers
294
10.2.2.1 Natural Product Based Tackifiers
294
10.2.2.2 Petroleum Based Tackifiers
295
10.2.2.3 Other Tackifiers
297
10.2.3 Testing of Pressure-sensitive Adhesives
298
10.2.3.1 Measurements of Tack
298
10.2.3.2 Measurement of Peel
300
10.2.3.3 Measurement of Shear
302
10.2.4 Balance of Properties
303
10.2.5 PSA Performance Viewed as a Time Scale in Viscoelastic Response
304
10.2.6 PSA Viscoelasticity and Tack
304
10.2.7 PSA Peel and Viscoelasticity
308
10.2.8 Shear and Creep Behavior of PSAs
311
10.2.9 Summary
312
10.3 Rubber-Based, Contact Bond and other Elastomeric Adhesives
313
10.3.1 Formulation of RBAs
313
10.3.2 Base Polymers
314
10.3.3 Tackifiers
316
10.3.4 Pigments and Fillers
316
10.3.5 Crosslinking/Vulcanization of RBAs
317
10.3.6 Solvents
318
10.3.7 Elastomeric Adhesives, Sealants and Release Coatings Based upon Silicone Chemistry
319
10.4 Summary
322
Bibliography.
322
References.
322
Problems and Review Questions.
323
11 Thermoplastic, Pseudothermoplastic, and Other Adhesives
324
11.1 Introduction
324
11.2 Hot Melt Adhesives
324
11.2.1 Introduction
324
11.2.2 Polymer Physical Properties and Hot Melt Adhesives
325
11.2.3 Formulation of Hot Melt Adhesives
328
11.2.4 Synthetically Designed Hot Melt Adhesives
332
11.2.5 Curing Hot Melts
336
11.3 Polyvinyl Acetate-Based Adhesives
337
11.4 Polyvinyl Acetal Adhesives
338
11.5 Thermoplastic or Pseudo-thermoplastic Adhesives based upon Natural Products
338
11.5.1 Starches [7]
339
11.5.2 Cellulosics [8]
339
11.6 Summary
340
Bibliography.
341
References.
341
12 Adhesion in Biological Systems
342
12.1 Introduction
342
12.2 Adhesion in Microbiological Systems
342
12.3 Biofilm Formation
343
12.4 Growth Stages of Biofilms
344
12.4.1 Attachment to a Surface
344
12.4.2 Irreversible Attachment of Bacteria
344
12.4.3 Maturation Phase
345
12.4.4 Biofilm Dispersal
345
12.5 Maintenance or Elimination of Biofilms
346
12.6 Adhesion in the Cling Ability of the Tokai Gecko
347
12.6.1 Attempts to Artificially Produce the Gecko Features and Adhesive Ability
350
12.7 Summary
352
References.
352
13 The Basis for Adhesive Bond Design
354
13.1 Introduction
354
13.2 Chemistry and Mechanical Properties of Adhesives
354
13.3 Application Criteria
357
13.4 Interfaces and Surface Preparations
360
13.5 Miscellaneous Concerns
361
13.6 Basic Criteria for the Design of an Adhesive Bond
363
13.6.1 Hart-Smith Design Criteria for Double Lap Joints
364
13.7 Summary
368
References.
368
Problems and Review Questions.
369
Answer Key
370
Subject Index
382
© 2009-2024 ciando GmbH