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Warenkorb
Natti S. Rao, Keith T. O'Brien
Design Data for Plastics Engineers
Preface
6
Contents
8
1 Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers
12
1.1 Ideal Solids
12
1.2 Tensile Properties
12
1.2.1 Stress-Strain Behavior
13
1.2.2 Tensile Modulus
16
1.2.3 Effect of Temperature on Tensile Strength
17
1.3 Shear Properties
17
1.3.1 Shear Modulus
17
1.3.2 Effect of Temperature on Shear Modulus
18
1.4 Compressive Properties
20
1.4.1 Bulk Modulus
21
1.5 Time Related Properties
22
1.5.1 Creep Modulus
22
1.5.2 Creep Rupture
23
1.5.3 Relaxation Modulus
24
1.5.4 Fatigue Limit
25
1.6 Hardness
26
1.7 Impact Strength
28
1.8 Coefficient of Friction
28
2 Thermal Properties of Solid and Molten Polymers
34
2.1 Specific Volume
34
2.2 Specific Heat
37
2.3 Thermal Expansion Coefficient
38
2.4 Enthalpy
40
2.5 Thermal Conductivity
40
2.6 Thermal Diffusivity
42
2.7 Coefficient of Heat Penetration
43
2.8 Heat Deflection Temperature
45
2.9 Vicat Softening Point
46
2.10 Flammability
46
3 Transport Properties of Molten Polymers
50
3.1 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
50
3.2 Viscous Shear Flow
52
3.2.1 Apparent Shear Rate
52
3.2.2 Entrance Loss
53
3.2.3 True Shear Stress
53
3.2.4 Apparent Viscosity
55
3.2.5 True Shear Rate
58
3.2.6 True Viscosity
58
3.3 Rheological Models
58
3.3.1 Hyperbolic Function of Prandtl and Eyring
59
3.3.2 Power Law of Ostwald and De Waele
59
3.3.3 Polynomial of Muenstedt
61
3.3.4 Viscosity Equation of Carreau [23]
64
3.3.5 Viscosity Formula of Klein
66
3.4 Effect of Pressure on Viscosity
67
3.5 Dependence of Viscosity on Molecular Weight
68
3.6 Viscosity of Two-Component Mixtures
70
3.7 Melt Flow Index
70
3.8 Tensile Viscosity
71
3.9 Viscoelastic Properties
71
3.9.1 Primary Normal Stress Coefficient ?:
72
3.9.2 Shear Compliance Je:
72
3.9.3 Die Swell
73
4 Electrical Properties
76
4.1 Surface Resistivity
76
4.2 Volume Resistivity
76
4.3 Dielectric Strength
76
4.4 Relative Permittivity
77
4.5 Dielectric Dissipation Factor or Loss Tangent
77
4.6 Comparative Tracking Index (CTI)
79
5 Optical Properties of Solid Polymers
84
5.1 Light Transmission
84
5.2 Haze
84
5.3 Refractive Index
84
5.4 Gloss
86
5.5 Color
86
6 External Influences
88
6.1 Physical Interactions
88
6.1.1 Solubility
88
6.1.2 Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC)
88
6.1.3 Permeability
90
6.1.4 Absorption and Desorption
91
6.1.5 Weathering Resistance
91
6.2 Chemical Resistance
92
6.2.1 Chemical and Wear Resistance to Polymers
92
6.3 General Property Data
93
7 Extrusion
102
7.1 Extrusion Screws
103
7.2 Processing Parameters
103
7.2.1 Resin-Dependent Parameters
103
7.2.2 Machine Related Parameters
109
7.3 Extrusion Dies
135
7.3.1 Pipe Extrusion
137
7.3.2 Blown Film
146
7.3.3 Sheet extrusion
148
7.4 Thermoforming
153
7.5 Compounding
157
7.6 Extrudate Cooling
160
7.6.1 Dimensionless Groups
163
8 Blow Molding
166
8.1 Processes
166
8.1.1 Resin-Dependent Parameters
166
8.1.2 Machine Related Parameters
172
9 Injection Molding
180
9.1 Resin-Dependent Parameters
181
9.1.1 Injection Pressure
181
9.1.2 Mold Shrinkage and Processing Temperature
183
9.1.3 Drying Temperatures and Times
185
9.1.4 Flow Characteristics of Injection-Molding Resins
186
9.2 Machine Related Parameters
190
9.2.1 Injection Unit
190
9.2.2 Injection Molding Screw
191
9.2.3 Injection Mold
194
Index
216
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