Heinz Linke, Jörg Börner, Ralf Heß
Cylindrical Gears
Calculation - Materials - Manufacturing
Preface
10
The Editors
12
Index of Authors
14
Remarks on the Special Features of the Book
16
Contents
18
1 Overview and General Principles
26
1.1 Development of Toothing
26
1.1.1 Development of the Application of Gears and Gear Drives
26
1.1.2 Development of Gearing Geometry
32
1.1.3 Development of the Calculation of Load-Carrying Capacity
37
1.2 Functions and Classification of Gears and Teeth
44
1.3 Law of Gears for Cylindrical Gearing
51
1.4 Fundamental Relationships
58
1.4.1 Gear Ratio
58
1.4.2 Efficiency
61
1.4.3 Torques
62
1.5 Symbols and Symbol Explanations
63
2 Gear Teeth Geometry
64
2.1 Geometry of Spur Gear Teeth
64
2.1.1 Gear Teeth Geometry of a Spur Gear
64
2.1.2 Geometry of Gear Teeth Pairing – Spur Gear Teeth
86
2.2 Geometry of Helical Gear Teeth
101
2.2.1 Generation and Basic Characteristics
101
2.2.2 Basic Quantities for Gearing of a Cylindrical Gear – Helical Gearing
110
2.2.3 Geometry of Gear Pairing – Helical Gearing
115
2.3 Supplemental Information concerning Geometry
119
2.3.1 General Information on Tooth Root Geometry
119
2.3.2 Tooth Root Geometry of External Gearing in the Case of Production Using Hobs or Rack Cutters, with an Arbitrary Tool Profile Angle
120
2.3.3 Tooth Root Geometry for Production with a Shaper Cutter – External and Internal Gearing
126
2.3.4 Comparative Study Related to Tooth Root Geometry
129
2.4 Symbols and Symbol Explanation
131
3 Meshing Interferences
134
3.1 Overview
134
3.2 Meshing Interferences of External Gears
134
3.2.1 Meshing Interferences Resulting from Too-Small Contact Ratio
134
3.2.2 Meshing Interference in Non-involute Regions
138
3.3 Meshing Interferences for Internal Gears
140
3.3.1 Preliminary Considerations
140
3.3.2 Meshing Interferences in the Theoretical Plane of Action - Tooth Root Meshing Interferences
142
3.3.3 Meshing Interferences outside the Regular Meshing Region
149
3.3.4 Information on Designing Internal Gear Pairs and on Tool Selection
157
3.4 Symbols and Symbol Explanations
165
4 Special Involute Gearing
166
4.1 Types and Possibilities
166
4.2 Design
169
4.3 Symbols and Symbol Explanations
177
5 Load Capacity – Introduction, Initial Values
180
5.1 Damage Cases
180
5.2 Options for Verifying the Load Capacity
188
5.3 Load Frequency Function
190
5.3.1 Load Characteristic along the Tooth
190
5.3.2 Recording the Load Course in the Load Spectrum
191
5.3.3 Experimental Determination of Load Spectra
192
5.3.4 Considering Load Spectra in the Calculation of Load Capacity
194
5.3.5 Typical Load Spectra and Characteristics
198
5.4 Symbols and Symbol Explanations
201
6 Load Capacity and Running Performance of External and Internal Gearing
202
6.1 Velocities
202
6.1.1 Sliding Velocity
202
6.1.2 Specific Sliding
205
6.1.3 Sliding Factor
206
6.1.4 Sum of Velocities
207
6.2 Tooth Stiffness
208
6.2.1 Basics
208
6.2.2 Parts of Tooth Stiffness
208
6.2.3 Calculation of Tooth Stiffness
209
6.2.4 Approximate Calculation of Tooth Stiffness according to ISO 6336-1 (DIN 3990-1)
210
6.2.5 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Section 6.2
212
6.3 Load on the Tooth
212
6.3.1 General Information
212
6.3.2 Loads on the Tooth from Effective Power
213
6.3.3 Additional External Dynamic Loads
218
6.3.4 Additional Internal Dynamic Loads
222
6.3.5 Resulting Load – Practical Approach, Omissions
246
6.3.6 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Section 6.3
246
6.4 Load Distribution on Gears
248
6.4.1 The Basic Problem
248
6.4.2 General Calculation Approach
249
6.4.3 Influence Coefficients Method
249
6.4.4 Considering the Load Distribution in the Tooth Flank and Tooth Root Load Capacity Calculation by Means of Load Distribution Factors
263
6.4.5 Methods to Improve the Face Load Behaviour
275
6.4.6 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Section 6.4
281
6.5 Analysis of Load Capacity
282
6.5.1 Calculation of Surface Durability – Pitting and Deterioration at Maximum Load
282
6.5.2 Load Capacity of the Tooth Root
298
6.5.3 Practical Approach for the Basic Analysis of Load Capacity
345
6.5.4 Lubricating Film Thickness
355
6.5.5 Scuffing Load Capacity
359
6.5.6 Micropitting Load Capacity
376
6.5.7 The Load Capacity of Wear
380
6.5.8 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Section 6.5
384
6.6 Power Losses, Efficiency, Gear Heating, Lubrication
387
6.6.1 Power Losses
387
6.6.2 Transmission Efficiency
400
6.6.3 Thermal Balance and Thermal Conductivity
400
6.6.4 Lubrication and Cooling
418
6.6.5 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Section 6.6
428
6.7 Noise Behaviour
430
6.7.1 Basic Principles
430
6.7.2 Mechanical Noise Generation
436
6.7.3 Metrological Determination of Sound Power
448
6.7.4 Sound Power Level of Gear Drives
452
6.7.5 Examples of Sound Power Levels of Various Machines
457
6.7.6 Structural Measures for Noise Reduction
458
6.7.7 Structure-Borne Sound and Diagnostics
479
6.7.8 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Section 6.7
480
7 Design of Gearing and Gear Transmissions
484
7.1 Number of Stages and Splitting the Total Transmission Ratio
484
7.1.1 Preliminary Considerations
484
7.1.2 Design for Minimum Mass
484
7.2 Approximate Determination of the Dimensions
489
7.2.1 Draft Calculation for the Tooth Flanks (Pitting)
489
7.2.2 Draft Calculation for the Tooth Root
491
7.3 Selection and Partitioning of Profile Shift
492
7.3.1 Criteria and Tendencies
492
7.3.2 Recommendations
500
7.4 Selection of Materials: Strength Values
504
7.4.1 Basics of Selecting Materials and Basic Values for Material Strength
504
7.4.2 Materials for Gears without Surface-Layer Hardening: The Basics
513
7.4.3 Materials for Gears with Surface-Layer Hardening: The Basics
523
7.4.4 Strength Values for Gears
543
7.4.5 Comparison of Endurance Limit Values
572
7.4.6 S-N Curves
574
7.4.7 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Section 7.4
577
8 Ensuring the Accuracy of Cylindrical Gears
579
8.1 Introduction
579
8.1.1 Standardization
579
8.1.2 Tolerance System
579
8.1.3 Gear: System of Fits
580
8.2 Metrological Fundamentals
582
8.2.1 Limit Deviations and Tolerances
582
8.2.2 Actual Values and Actual Deviations
582
8.2.3 Referencing of Measured Quantities and Measurement Methods
583
8.2.4 Uncertainty of the Measurement Results
584
8.3 Quality Parameters
585
8.3.1 Flank Deviations
585
8.3.2 Pitch Deviations
597
8.3.3 Runout Deviation
600
8.4 Backlash Allowance Parameters
600
8.4.1 Backlash
600
8.4.2 Tooth Thickness
601
8.4.3 Tooth Thickness Test Dimensions
602
8.5 Roll Deviations
607
8.5.1 Preliminary Remarks
607
8.5.2 Single-Flank Roll Test
607
8.5.3 Double-Flank Roll Test
609
8.5.4 Deviations in Transmission Gear Pairs
609
8.6 Contact Pattern
610
8.7 Roughness Measurement
611
8.8 Noise
612
8.9 Use of Spline Gauges
612
8.10 Symbols and Symbol Explanations
612
9 Drawing Data
615
9.1 Overview
615
9.2 Geometric Data
615
9.3 Information on Heat Treatment and Surface Coating
621
9.3.1 Information on Heat Treatment
621
9.3.2 Information on Surface Coating
628
9.4 Symbols and Symbol Explanations
629
10 Manufacturing of Cylindrical Gearings
630
10.1 General Manufacturing Process for Cylindrical Gears
630
10.2 Tooth-shape Forming Methods
634
10.2.1 General Structure of the Tooth-shape Forming Methods
634
10.2.2 Primary Shaping Manufacture of Cylindrical Gears
635
10.2.3 Primary Shaping and Separating Tooth-shape Forming
636
10.2.4 Chip-removal Tooth-shape Forming Using Tools with Geometrically Defined Blades
641
10.2.5 Chip-removal Tooth-shape Forming Using Tools with Geometrically Undefined Blades
659
10.2.6 Testing Ground Cylindrical Gears for Damage to the Surface Layer
675
10.2.7 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Sections 10.1 and 10.2
689
10.3 Heat Treatment
689
10.3.1 Heat Treatment Suitable for Manufacturing
691
10.3.2 Heat Treatment Appropriate for the Strain
694
10.4 Symbols and Symbol Explanations of Section 10.3
731
Table of Appendices
734
Bibliography
816
List of Advertisers
860
Index
862
© 2009-2024 ciando GmbH