International Plastics Handbook

Preface

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 STATISTICAL DATA

1.2 POLYMER AND PLASTICS CATEGORIES

1.3 PLASTICS ACRONYMS

Chapter 2 Materials Science of Polymers

2.1 POLYMER STRUCTURE

2.1.1 Chemistry

2.1.2 Morphological Structure

2.1.3 Thermal Transitions

2.2 MATERIAL MODIFICATION OF PLASTICS

2.2.1 Polymer Blends

2.2.2 Filled Polymers and Reinforced Composites

2.2.3 Other Modifications

2.3 PLASTICS RECYCLING

Chapter 3 Properties and Testing

3.1 COMPARABILITY OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES

3.2 THERMAL PROPERTIES

3.2.1 Thermal Conductivity

3.2.2 Specific Heat and Specific Enthalpy

3.2.3 Density

3.2.4 Thermal Diffusivity

3.2.5 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

3.2.6 Thermal Penetration

3.2.7 Thermal Data Measuring Devices

3.3 CURING BEHAVIOR

3.4 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

3.4.1 Flow Phenomena

3.4.2 Viscous Flow Models

3.4.3 Rheometry

3.4.4 Surface Tension

3.5 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

3.5.1 The Short-Term Tensile Test

3.5.2 Impact Strength

3.5.3 Creep Behavior

3.5.4 Dynamic Mechanical Tests

3.5.5 Fatigue Tests

3.5.6 Strength Stability Under Heat

3.6 PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES

3.6.1 Sorption

3.6.2 Diffusion and Permeation

3.6.3 Measuring S,D, and P

3.6.4 Diffusion of Polymer Molecules and Self-Diffusion

3.7 FRICTION AND WEAR

3.8 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

3.8.1 Water Absorption

3.8.2 Weathering

3.8.3 Chemical Degradation

3.8.4 Thermal Degradation of Polymers

3.9 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

3.9.1 Dielectric Behavior

3.9.2 Electric Conductivity

3.9.3 Application Problems

3.9.4 Magnetic Properties

3.10 OPTICAL PROPERTIES

3.10.1 Index of Refraction

3.10.2 Photoelasticity and Birefringence

3.10.3 Transparency, Reflection, Absorption and Transmittance

3.10.4 Gloss

3.10.5 Color

3.10.6 Infrared Spectroscopy

3.11 ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES

3.11.1 Speed of Sound

3.11.2 Sound Reflection

3.11.3 Sound Absorption

Chapter 4 Plastics Processes

4.1 RAW MATERIAL PREPARATION

4.1.1 Mixing Processes

4.2 MIXING DEVICES

4.2.1 Mixing of Particulate Solids

4.2.2 Screw-Type Mixers

4.2.3 Granulators and Pelletizers

4.2.4 Dryers

4.3 EXTRUSION

4.3.1 The Plasticating Extruder

4.3.2 Troubleshooting Extrusion

4.3.3 Extrusion Dies

4.4 INJECTION MOLDING

4.4.1 The Injection Molding Cycle

4.4.2 The Injection Molding Machine

4.4.3 Special Injection Molding Processes

4.4.4 Troubleshooting Injection Molding

4.5 COMPRESSION MOLDING

4.5.1 Compression Molding of SMC and BMC

4.5.2 Compression Molding of GMT and LFT

4.5.3 Cold Press Forming

4.5.4 Troubleshooting Compression Molding

4.6 COMPOSITES PROCESSING

4.6.1 Resin Transfer Molding and Structural RIM

4.6.2 Filament Winding

4.6.3 Pultrusion

4.7 SECONDARY SHAPING

4.7.1 Fiber Spinning

4.7.2 Film Production

4.7.3 Thermoforming

4.8 CALENDERING

4.9 COATING

4.10 FOAMING

4.11 ROTATIONAL MOLDING

4.12 WELDING

4.12.1 Hot Tool Butt Welding

4.12.2 Ultrasonic Welding

4.12.3 Vibration Welding

4.12.4 Spin Welding

4.12.5 IR and Laser Welding

4.12.6 RF/Dielectric Welding

4.12.7 Hot Gas Welding

4.12.8 Extrusion Welding

4.12.9 Implant Induction Welding

4.12.10 Implant Resistance Welding

4.12.11 Microvawe Welding

4.13 RAPID PROTOTYPING

4.13.1 Stereo-Lithography (STL)

4.13.2 Solid Ground Curing (SGC)

4.13.3 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

4.13.4 3D Printing or Selective Binding

4.13.5 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)

4.13.6 Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)

Chapter 5 Engineering Design

5.1 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

5.1.1 Defining Product Requirements

5.1.2 Preliminary CAD Model

5.1.3 Material Selection

5.1.4 Process Selection

5.2 PROCESS INFLUENCES ON PRODUCT PERFORMANCE

5.2.1 Orientation in the Final Part

5.2.2 Fiber Damage

5.2.3 Cooling and Solidification

5.2.4 Shrinkage, Residual Stresses and Warpage

5.2.5 Process Simulation as Integral Part of the Design Process

5.3 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS CONSIDERATIONS

5.3.1 Basic Concepts of Stress and Strain

5.3.2 Anisotropic Strain-Stress Relation

5.4 FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS

5.4.1 Press Fit Assemblies

5.4.2 Living Hinges

5.4.3 Snap Fit Assemblies

5.4.4 Mechanical Fasteners

5.5 SOFTWARE

Chapter 6 Materials

6.1 POLYOLEFINS (PO), POLYOLEFIN DERIVATES, AND COPOPLYMERS

6.1.1 Standard Polyethylene Homo- and Copolymers (PE-LD, PE- HD, PE- HD- HMW, PE- HD- UHMW, PE- LLD)

6.1.2 Polyethylene Derivates (PE-X, PE + PSAC)

6.1.3 Chlorinated and Chloro-Sulfonated PE (PE-C, CSM)

6.1.4 Ethylene Copolymers (ULDPE, EVAC, EVAL, EEAK, EB, EBA, EMA, EAA, E/ P, EIM, COC, ECB, ETFE

6.1.5 Polypropylene Homopolymers (PP, H-PP)

6.1.6 Polypropylene Copoplymers and -Derivates, Blends (PP-C, PP- B, EPDM, PP + EPDM)

6.1.7 Polypropylene, Special Grades

6.1.8 Polybutene (PB, PIB)

6.1.9 Higher Poly

6.2 STYRENE POLYMERS

6.2.1 Polystyrene, Homopolymers (PS, PMS)

6.2.2 Polystyrene, Copoplymers, Blends

6.2.3 Polystyrene Foams (PS-E, XPS)

6.3 VINYL POLYMERS

6.3.1 Rigid Polyvinylchloride Homopolymers (PVC-U)

6.3.2 Plasticized (soft) Polyvinylchloride (PVC-P)

6.3.3 Polyvinylchloride: Copolymers and Blends

6.3.4 Polyvinylchloride: Pastes, Plastisols, Organosols

6.3.5 Vinyl Polymers, other Homo- and Copolymers (PVDC, PVAC, PVAL, PVME, PVB, PVK, PVP)

6.4 FLUOROPOLYMERS

6.4.1 Fluoro Homopolymers (PTFE, PVDF, PVF, PCTFE)

6.4.2 Fluoro Copolymers and Elastomers (ECTFE, ETFE, FEP, TFEP, PFA, PTFEAF, TFEHFPVDF ( THV), [ FKM, FPM, FFKM])

6.5 POLYACRYL- AND METHACRYL COPOLYMERS

6.5.1 Polyacrylate, Homo- and Copolymers (PAA, PAN, PMA, ANBA, ANMA)

6.5.2 Polymethacrylates, Homo- and Copolymers (PMMA, AMMA, MABS, MBS)

6.5.3 Polymethacrylate, Modifications and Blends (PMMI, PMMA- HI, MMA- EML Copolymers, PMMA + ABS blends

6.6 POLYOXYMETHYLENE, POLYACETAL RESINS, POLYFORMALDEHYDE ( POM)

6.6.1 Polyoxymethylene Homo- and Copolymers (POM-H, POM-Cop.)

6.6.2 Polyoxymethylene, Modifications and Blends (POM + PUR)

6.7 POLYAMIDES (PA)

6.7.1 Polyamide Homopolymers

6.7.2 Modifications

6.7.3 Polyamide Copolymers, PA 66/6, PA 6/12, PA 66/6/610 Blends ( PA +: ABS, EPDM, EVA, PPS, PPE, Rubber)

6.7.4 Polyamides, Special Polymers (PA NDT/INDT [PA 6-3-t], PAPACM 12, PA 6- I, PA MXD6 [ PARA], PA 6- T, PA PDA- T, PA 6- 6- T, PA 6- G, PA 12- G, TPA- EE)

6.7.5 Cast Polyamides (PA 6-C, PA 12-C).

6.7.6 Polyamide for Reaction Injection Molding (PA-RIM)

6.7.7 Aromatic Polyamides, Aramides (PMPI, PPTA)

6.8 AROMATIC (SATURATED) POLYESTERS

6.8.1 Polycarbonate (PC)

6.8.2 Polyesters of Therephthalic Acids, Blends, Block Copolymers

6.8.3 Polyesters of Aromatic Diols and Carboxylic Acids (PAR, PBN, PEN)

6.9 AROMATIC POLYSULFIDES AND POLYSULFONES (PPS, PSU, PES, PPSU, PSU + ABS)

6.9.1 Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS)

6.9.2 Polyarylsulfone (PSU, PSU + ABS, PES, PPSU)

6.10 AROMATIC POLYETHER, POLYPHENYLENE ETHER, AND BLENDS ( PPE)

6.10.1 Polyphenylene Ether (PPE)

6.10.2 Polyphenylene Ether Blends

6.11 ALIPHATIC POLYESTER (POLYGLYCOLS) (PEOX, PPOX, PTHF)

6.12 AROMATIC POLYIMIDE (PI)

6.12.1 Thermosetting Polyimide (PI, PBMI, PBI, PBO, and Others)

6.12.2 Thermoplastic Polyimides (PAI, PEI, PISO, PMI, PMMI, PESI, PARI)

6.13 LIQUID CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS (LCP)

6.14 LADDER POLYMERS: TWO-DIMENSIONAL POLYAROMATES AND - HETEROCYCLENES

6.15 POLYURETHANE (PUR)

6.15.1 Fundamentals

6.15.2 Raw Materials and Additives

6.15.3 PUR Polymers

6.16 BIOPOLYMERS, NATURALLY OCCURRING POLYMERS AND DERIVATES

6.16.1 Cellulose- and Starch Derivates

6.16.2 Casein Polymers, Casein Formaldehyde, Artificial Horn ( CS, CSF)

6.16.3 Polylactide, Polylactic Acid (PLA)

6.16.4 Polytriglyceride Resins (PTP

6.16.5 Natural Resins

6.17 OTHER POLYMERS

6.17.1 Photodegradable, Biodegradable, and Water Soluble Polymers

6.17.2 Conductive/Luminescent Polymers

6.17.3 Aliphatic Polyketones (PK)

6.17.4 Polymer Ceramics, Polysilicooxoaluminate (PSIOA)

6.18 THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS (TPE)

6.18.1 Physical Constitution

6.18.2 Chemical Constitution, Properties, and Applications

6.19 THERMOSETS

6.19.1 Chemical Constitution

6.19.2 Processing, Forms of Delivery

6.19.3 Properties

6.19.4 Applications

6.20 RUBBERS

6.20.1 General Description

6.20.2 General Properties

6.20.3 R-Rubbers (NR, IR, BR, CR, SBR, NBR, NCR, IIR, PNR, SIR, TOR, HNBR)

6.20.4 M-Rubbers (EPM, EPDM, AECM, EAM, CSM, CM, ACM, ABM, ANM, FKM, FPM, FFKM)

6.20.5 O-Rubbers (CO, ECO, ETER, PO)

6.20.6 Q-(Silicone) Rubber (MQ, MPQ, MVQ, PVMQ, MFQ, MVFQ)

6.20.7 T-Rubber (TM, ET, TCF)

6.20.8 U-Rubbers (AFMU, EU, AU)

6.20.9 Polyphosphazenes (PNF, FZ, PZ)

6.20.10 Other Rubbers

Chapter 7 Polymer Additives

7.1 ANTIBLOCKING AGENTS

7.2 SLIP ADDITIVES

7.3 PLASTICIZERS

7.4 STABILIZERS

7.4.1 Antioxidants

7.4.2 Flame Retardants

7.4.3 UV Stabilizers

7.4.4 PVC Stabilizers

7.5 ANTISTATIC AGENTS

7.6 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

7.7 ANTIFOGGING AGENTS

7.8 BLOWING AGENTS

7.9 COLORANTS

7.10 FLUORESCENT WHITENING AGENTS

7.11 FILLERS

Appendix A: Material Property Tables

Appendix B: Literature

B.1 BOOKS IN THE PLASTICS TECHNOLOGY FIELD

B.2 JOURNALS AND TRADE MAGAZINES

B.2.1 Trade Magazines

B.2.2 Archival Journals

Appendix C: Polymer Research Institutes

Appendix D: Tradenames

D.1 INTRODUCTION

D.2 TRADENAMES TABLE

Index