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Dietrich Braun
Simple Methods for Identification of Plastics
Preface
6
Contents
8
1 Plastics and Their Characteristics
12
2 General Introduction to the Analysis of Plastics
26
2.1 Analytical Procedure
26
2.2 Sample Preparation
27
3 Screening Tests
30
3.1 Solubility
30
3.2 Density
33
3.3 Behavior on Heating
36
3.3.1 Pyrolysis Tests
38
3.3.2 Flame Test
39
3.3.3 Melting Behavior
41
4 Testing for Heteroatoms
48
5 Analytical Procedures
54
5.1 Analysis by Groups
55
6 Specific Identification Tests
60
6.1 General Identification Reactions
60
6.1.1 Liebermann-Storch-Morawski Reaction
60
6.1.2 Color Reaction with p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
60
6.1.3 The Gibbs Indophenol Test
61
6.1.4 Formaldehyde Test
61
6.2 Specific Plastics
62
6.2.1 Polyolefins
62
6.2.2 Polystyrene
63
6.2.3 Polymethyl Methacrylate
63
6.2.4 Polyacrylonitrile
64
6.2.5 Polyvinyl Acetate
65
6.2.6 Polyvinyl Alcohol
66
6.2.7 Polymers Containing Chlorine
66
6.2.8 Polyoxymethylene
68
6.2.9 Polycarbonates
68
6.2.10 Polyamides
68
6.2.11 Polyurethanes
70
6.2.12 Phenolics
70
6.2.13 Aminoplastics
71
6.2.14 Epoxy Resins
72
6.2.15 Polyesters
73
6.2.16 Cellulose Derivatives
74
6.2.17 Silicones
75
6.2.18 Rubberlike Plastics
75
6.2.19 High Temperature-Resistant (HT) Thermoplastics
77
6.2.20 Fibers
80
6.3 Polymer Blends
80
6.4 Detection of Metals in Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
83
7 Identification of Historic Plastic Objects
86
7.1 General
87
7.1.1 Dating
87
7.1.2 Visual Appearance
87
7.1.2.1 Transparency
88
7.1.2.2 Hardness
89
7.1.2.3 Odor
89
7.1.2.4 Density
89
7.1.2.5 How to Distinguish Between Thermoplastics and Duroplastics
89
7.1.2.6 Material Behavior on Heating
90
7.2 A Few Simple Chemical Tests to Identify Early Plastic Articles
92
7.2.1 Protein Derivatives
92
7.2.2 Natural Resins
93
8 Advanced Analytical Methods
96
8.1 Overview
96
8.2 Infrared Spectroscopy
98
8.3 IR-Spectra
102
9 Appendix
114
9.1 Plastics Identification Table
114
9.2 Chemicals
123
9.2.1 Acids and Bases
123
9.2.2 Inorganic Chemicals
125
9.2.3 Organic Solvents
126
9.2.4 Organic Reagents
127
9.2.5 Miscellaneous
128
9.3 Laboratory Aids and Equipment
128
9.3.1 Basic Equipment
129
9.3.2 Optional Equipment
130
9.4 Selected Polymer Acronyms
130
10 Literature
134
Index
136
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