Zu Hanser-Fachbuch.de
Warenkorb
Edgar Dietrich, Alfred Schulze
Measurement Process Qualification
Gage Acceptance and Measurement Uncertainty According to Current Standards
Preface
6
Preface to the 2nd Edition
7
Preface to the 3rd Edition
7
Table of Contents
10
1 Measurement Process Capability
14
1.1 Introduction
14
1.1.1 Why Measurement Process Capability?
14
1.2 Historical Retrospect and Prospect
20
1.2.1 Development “Measurement Process Capability”
22
1.3 Notes from the Authors about MSA [1] and VDA 5 [70]
24
1.4 Experimental Evaluation
25
2 Gage Monitoring as a Basis for Measurement Process Capability
29
2.1 Gage Calibration
29
2.2 Dial Gage Calibration
30
2.3 Capability Studies for Standard Gages
32
3 Definitions and Terms
35
3.1 Process
35
3.2 Measurement Process
35
3.3 Testing
36
3.4 Measuring Equipment
37
3.5 Measurement Deviations and Measurement Uncertainty
40
3.5.1 Bias
41
3.5.2 Repeatability
42
3.5.3 Reproducibility
43
3.5.4 Linearity
44
3.5.5 Measurement Stability
46
4 Influencing Factors on the Measurement Process
47
4.1 Typical Influencing Factors
47
4.2 Impact of the Influencing Factors
50
4.3 Evaluation of the Measurement Process
53
5 Gage Capability as a Measurement Process Capability Study
57
5.1 Basic Procedures and Methods
57
5.2 Evaluation of Gages
60
5.2.1 Uncertainty of the Standard Master / Calibration Master
60
5.2.2 Influence of the Resolution
62
5.2.3 Evaluation of the Bias
64
5.2.4 Study Type 1
66
5.2.5 Quality Capability Indices Cg and Cgk
71
5.2.6 Study Type 1 for Characteristics with Unilateral Tolerances
79
5.2.7 Study Type 1 for Several Characteristics
82
5.2.8 Linearity
82
5.3 Evaluation of the Measurement Process
93
5.3.1 Range Method (Short Method)
93
5.3.2 Study Type 2: %R&R with Operator Influence
95
5.3.3 Study Type 3: %R&R without Operator Influence
115
5.4 Testing Measurement Stability
118
5.5 Further Studies
122
5.5.1 Study Type 4
122
5.5.2 Study Type 5
124
5.6 Method according to CNOMO
127
6 Capability Study of Attribute Measurement Processes
130
6.1 Attribute Gages
130
6.2 Attribute Gaging or Variable Measuring
131
6.3 Requirements for Successful Inspections by Attribute
132
6.4 Analysis of Attribute Measurement Processes “Short Method”
133
6.5 Analysis of Attribute Measurement Processes “Extended Method“
136
6.5.1 Introduction
136
6.5.2 Testing Hypotheses
140
6.5.3 Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Attribute Measurement System
146
6.5.4 Signal Recognition Method
150
7 Extended Measurement Uncertainty
156
7.1 Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement
156
7.1.1 Basic Principles
156
7.1.2 Aim and Purpose of the GUM
157
7.1.3 Field of Application
158
7.1.4 Contents of the Guide
159
7.1.5 Terms and Definitions
160
7.2 Determination of Measurement Uncertainties
163
7.2.1 Determination of the Standard Uncertainty
164
7.2.2 Determination of the Combined Standard Uncertainty
169
7.2.3 Determination of the Extended Uncertainty
171
7.2.4 Logging of the Uncertainty
174
7.2.5 Expression of the Result
175
7.3 GUM H.1 Example: Gage Block Calibration
176
7.3.1 Measuring Task
176
7.3.2 Standard Uncertainties
177
7.4 Calibration of a Weight for the Nominal Value of 10 kg (S2)
185
7.4.1 Measuring Task
185
7.4.2 Standard Uncertainties
185
7.4.3 Extended Measurement Uncertainty and Complete Measurement Result
192
7.5 Calibrating a Caliper
194
7.5.1 Measuring Task
194
7.5.2 Standard Measurement Uncertainty (S10.3-S10.9)
195
7.5.3 Extended Measurement Uncertainty and Complete Measurement Result
198
7.6 GUM Interpretation for Measurement Processes in Series Production
200
8 Extended Measurement Uncertainty according to ISO 22514-7 or VDA 5
201
8.1 VDA 5 Flow Chart
201
8.1.1 Schematic Approach
202
8.1.2 Gage Capability
203
8.1.3 Determination of the Standard Uncertainty as per Determination Method A
204
8.1.4 Determination of the Standard Uncertainty as per Determination Method B
205
8.2 Principal Standard Uncertainty Components
207
8.2.1 Standard Uncertainty uCAL
209
8.2.2 Standard Uncertainty of the Resolution uRE
209
8.2.3 Standard Uncertainty uBI
210
8.2.4 Standard Uncertainty uMS in Case of Standard Gages
211
8.2.5 Standard Uncertainty Caused by Equipment Variation at the Reference Part uEVR
212
8.2.6 Standard Uncertainty Caused by Equipment Variation at the Object uEVO
212
8.2.7 Standard Uncertainty Caused by the Operator Influence uAV
214
8.2.8 Standard Uncertainty Caused by the Test Object uOBJ
214
8.2.9 Standard Uncertainty Caused by the Temperature Influence uT
217
8.2.10 Standard Uncertainty Caused by Non-linearity uLIN
220
8.2.11 Standard Uncertainty Caused by Stability uSTAB
221
8.3 Multiple Consideration of Uncertainty Components
223
8.4 Determination of the Extended Measurement Uncertainty
224
8.5 Consideration of the Extended Measurement Uncertainty at the Specification Limits
224
8.6 VDA 5 Case Studies
226
8.6.1 Example: “Linear Measurement Using a Standard Gage”
226
8.6.2 Example: “Linear Measurement Using a Particular Gage”
233
9 Simplified Determination of the Measurement Uncertainty
240
9.1 AIO Procedure (“All-in-One” Procedure)
240
9.1.1 Measurement Process Capability Study
240
9.1.2 Determination of the Extended Measurement Uncertainty
240
9.2 Practical Examples of the “All-in-One” Procedure
244
9.2.1 Measurement Process with Linear Material Measure
244
9.2.2 Measurement Processes without Linear Material Measure
246
10 Special Cases in Measurement Process Capability
249
10.1 What Is a Special Case?
249
10.2 Typical Special Cases
249
11 How to Handle Incapable Measurement Processes
251
11.1 Procedure for Improving Measurement Processes
251
12 Typical Questions about Measurement Process Capability
254
12.1 Questions
254
12.2 Answers
254
13 Capability Studies in Visual Inspections
257
13.1 Requirements for Visual Inspections
257
13.2 Aptitude Test for Visual Inspectors
258
14 Purchase of Gages
261
14.1 Example for a Measuring Task Description
262
14.2 Example for a Requirement Specification
263
15 Proof of Suitability for Test Software
264
15.1 General Consideration
264
15.2 The Myth of “Excel Tables“
267
15.3 Gage Capability Test Examples
270
16 Appendix
283
16.1 Tables
283
16.1.1 d2* Table for the Determination of k Factors and Degrees of Freedom for t Values
283
16.1.2 Capability Limits according to VDA 5
286
16.1.3 k Factors
287
16.2 Analysis of Variance Models
287
16.2.1 Measurement System Analysis – Study Type 2
287
16.2.2 Measurement System Analysis – Study Type 3
292
17 Reference
295
17.1 Abbreviations
295
17.2 Formulas
299
17.3 Bibliography
301
17.4 Figures
309
17.5 Tables
313
18 “Measurement System Capability” Reference Manual
314
1 Introduction
315
1.1 EN ISO 9001
315
1.2 EN ISO 10012 Quality Assurance Requirements for Measuring Equipment
315
1.3 QS-9000 Requirements
315
1.4 VDA 6.1 Requirements
316
1.5 GUM and EN ISO 14253-1
317
1.6 ANFIA AVSQ94 Requirements
317
2 Definitions
317
2.1 Measurement Deviation
317
2.1.1 Bias
317
2.1.2 Random Measurement Deviation
318
2.2 Measuring Device
318
2.3 Gage
318
2.4 Measuring Equipment
318
2.5 Linearity
319
2.6 Standard Master / Calibration Master / Reference Part
319
2.7 Measuring Chain
320
2.8 Measurement Process / Measurement System
320
2.9 Repeatability
320
2.10 Reproducibility
321
2.11 Measurement Stability
322
3 Scope
322
4 Procedures for a Capability Study
323
4.1 Measuring Device Resolution
323
4.2 Study Type 1
323
4.3 Study Type 2
323
4.4 Study Type 3
323
4.5 Linearity
324
4.6 Measurement Stability
324
4.7 Procedure
324
5 Study Type 1
326
6 Study Type 2
330
7 Study Type 3
333
8 Linearity / Analysis at the Specification Limits
336
8.1 Preliminary Notes
336
8.2 Defintion of “Linearity”
336
8.3 Determination of the Bias
338
8.4 Evaluation of the Linearity
339
8.5 Regression Analysis
339
8.6 Linearity Study
339
8.7 Analysis at the Specification Limits
339
9 Measurement Stability
340
19 GM PowerTrain Measurement Systems Specification (SP-Q-MSS)
342
20 Bosch Booklet 10: Capability of Measurement and Test Processes
415
21 Index
441
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