PVC Additives

Preface

Preface to the German Edition

Contents

1 PVC Stabilizers

1.1 The Production of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

1.2 Thermal Degradation of PVC

1.3 One-Packs

1.4 Heat Stabilizers for PVC

1.4.1 Metal-Free Base Stabilizers

1.4.2 Metal Soaps as Base Stabilizers

1.4.3 Tin Stabilizers

1.4.4 Lead Stabilizers

1.4.5 Rare Earth Stabilizers

1.5 Costabilizers for PVC

1.5.1 Inorganic Costabilizers

1.5.2 Antioxidants

1.5.3 ß-Diketones and Derivatives

1.5.4 Epoxy Compounds

1.5.5 Organic Phosphites

1.5.6 Polyols

1.5.7 Perchlorates

1.6 Guide Formulations

1.6.1 Additives for PVC Products in Contact with Drinking Water and Foodstuffs

1.6.2 Individual Guide Formulations

1.6.2.1 Guide Formulations for Pipes

1.6.2.2 Guide Formulations for Profiles

1.6.2.3 Guide Formulations for Sheets

1.6.2.4 Guide Formulations for Rigid Films

1.6.2.5 Guide Formulations for Cables

1.6.2.6 Guide Formulations for Flexible PVC Applications

1.7 Test Methods

1.7.1 Mixing

1.7.2 Dispersibility

1.7.3 Production of Rolled Sheets

1.7.4 Rheology

1.7.5 Degree of Gelation

1.7.6 Softening Temperature

1.7.7 Thermostability

1.7.7.1 Static Thermostability

1.7.7.2 Dynamic Thermostability

1.7.8 Light Stability

1.7.9 Color

1.7.10 Gloss

1.7.11 Electrical Volume Resistance and Capacitance

1.7.12 Fogging

1.7.13 Plate-Out

1.7.14 Shore Hardness

1.7.15 Impact Strength

1.8 Trends and Tendencies

1.8.1 PVC Producers, Production Capacities, and PVC Consumption

1.8.2 Lead Substitution: The Voluntary Commitment of the European PVC Industry and Other National Regulations

1.8.3 Recycling of PVC Products

1.8.4 Wood-PVC Composites

1.9 Analysis of Some Technical Problems with PVC Processing and Suggestions for Solutions

1.9.1 Plate-Out

1.9.2 Photo Effects

1.9.3 Extrusion Troubleshooting Guide

1.10 Stabilizer Producers

References

2 Additional PVC.Additives

2.1 Lubricants

2.1.1 Introduction

2.1.2 Lubricants: Chemistry and Mechanisms of Action

2.1.3 Methods to Characterize and Test Lubricants

2.1.4 Lubricant Producers

2.2 Functional Fillers

2.2.1 Introduction

2.2.2 Fillers: Chemistry and Effects

2.2.3 Methods to Characterize and Test Functional Fillers

2.2.4 Filler Producers

2.3 Plasticizers

2.3.1 Introduction

2.3.2 Plasticizers: Chemistry and Mechanisms of Action

2.3.3 Methods to Characterize and Test Plasticizers

2.3.4 Plasticizer Producers

2.4 Titanium Dioxide

2.4.1 Introduction

2.4.2 Titanium Dioxide: Chemistry and Mechanisms of Action

2.4.3 Methods to Characterize and Test Titanium Dioxides

2.4.4 Titanium Dioxide Producers

2.5 Processing Aids and Impact Modifiers

2.5.1 Introduction

2.5.2 The Chemistry and Effects of Processing Aids and Impact Modifiers

2.5.2.1 Processing Aids or Flow Modifiers

2.5.2.2 Impact Modifiers

2.5.3 Methods to Characterize and Test Processing Aids and Impact Modifiers

2.5.3.1 Flow Modifiers and Processing Aids

2.5.3.2 Impact Modifiers

2.5.4 Producers of Processing Aids and Impact Modifiers

References

3 Uncharted Territory in PVC Processing: Plate-Out

3.1 Literature Review of Plate-Out

3.2 Plate-Out in the Venting Unit

3.3 Plate-Out in the Tooling and Adapter

3.3.1 Typical Compositions of Plate-Out from the Tooling

3.3.2 Laboratory Experiments

3.3.2.1 Introduction

3.3.2.2 The Influence of Moisture

3.3.2.3 The Influence of the Mixing Process

3.3.2.4 The Influence of Tooling Quality

3.3.2.5 The Influences of Mass Temperature, Mass Pressure and Extrusion Torque, Chalk, Titanium Dioxide, and Modifiers

3.3.2.5.1 Analysis of the Raw Data by Software (ECHIP)

3.3.2.5.2 The Influence of Extrusion Parameters

3.3.2.5.3 The Influence of Chalk

3.3.2.5.4 The Influence of Titanium Dioxide

3.3.2.5.5 The Influence of Impact Modifiers

3.3.2.5.6 The Influence of CPE Modifiers

3.3.2.6 The Influence of Lubricants and Metal Soaps

3.3.2.6.1 The Influence of Polyethylene Waxes

3.3.2.6.2 The Influence of Calcium Stearate

3.3.2.6.3 The Influence of Oxidized Polyethylene Waxes

3.3.3 Summary for Plate-Out in Tooling and Adapter

3.4 Plate-Out in the Calibration

3.4.1 Typical Compositions of Calibration Plate-Out

3.4.2 Possible Mechanisms for the Formation of Plate-Out in the Calibration

3.4.3 Investigations of Plate-Out Formation in the Calibration

3.5 Troubleshooting Guide for the Prevention of Plate-Out

References

4 Uncharted Territory in the Use of PVC Products: Photo Effects

4.1 Literature Review of Photochemical Degradation of PVC Products

4.1.1 Photochemical Degradation of PVC

4.1.2 Degradation of PVC Phthalate Plasticizers During Weathering

4.2 Photobluing

4.2.1 Fundamental Experiments

4.2.2 Results and Discussion

4.2.2.1 Reproducibility and the Comparison of Xeno Test and Outdoor Weathering

4.2.2.2 Influence of the PVC Stabilizer

4.2.2.3 Influence of the Stabilizer Producer

4.2.2.4 Influence of PVC, Chalk, and the Processing Conditions

4.2.2.5 Influence of Modifiers and White Pigment

4.2.2.6 Influence of the Lattice Structure of Titanium Dioxide

4.2.2.7 Influence of the Titanium Dioxide Coating

4.2.2.8 Influence of Titanium Dioxide Levels

4.2.2.9 Influence of Oxygen

4.2.3 Conclusions and Summary for Photobluing

4.2.4 Outlook

4.3 Photopinking

4.4 Photograying

4.4.1 True Photograying

4.4.2 Apparent Photograying

4.5 Environmental Influences on the Weathering of Plastic Windows

4.5.1 Introduction

4.5.2 Rust Film

4.5.3 Soot

4.5.4 Pollen

4.5.5 Simulation of Environmental Effects

4.5.5.1 The Samples

4.5.5.2 A Simulation Method: The Bandol Wheel

4.5.5.3 Irradiation Trials without Contaminants

4.5.5.4 Irradiation Trials with Rust Film WJ.364 as Contaminant

4.5.5.5 Irradiation Trials with Soot WJ.365 as Contaminant

4.5.5.6 Irradiation Trials with Pollen as Contaminant

4.5.5.7 Summary of Bandol Wheel Experiments and Conclusions

4.5.6 Investigations by Xeno Test

4.5.7 Restoration

4.5.8 What Has Changed for Window Profiles in the Last 20.Years: A.Review

4.6 Chalk as Filler in u-PVC Products: New Insights into Influences on Weathering Behavior

4.6.1 Formation of Calcium Oxalate

4.6.1.1 Calcium Oxalate and Oxalic Acid: Influence on Artificial Weathering

4.6.1.2 Calcium Oxalate: A Product Resulting from Weathering of Plastic Window Frames?

4.6.1.3 Summary of Findings Regarding Oxalate Formation

4.6.2 Influence of Trace Elements in Chalk on Weathering

4.6.2.1 Directed Contamination by Trace Elements

4.6.2.2 Results of Artificial Weathering with Xeno Test

4.6.2.3 Summary of Investigations into the Influence of Trace Elements in Chalks on Weathering of PVC Profiles

4.6.3 Calcium Carbonate as Filler and the Chalking of PVC Pipes

4.6.3.1 Materials and Methods

4.6.3.2 Influence on Appearance

4.6.3.3 Results of Outdoor Weathering

4.6.3.3.1 Observations for the Test Series Started in February 2007

4.6.3.3.2 Observations for the Test Series Started in June.2007

4.6.3.4 Conclusion and Summary

References

5 PVC and Sustainability

5.1 A Changing World

5.2 From Business to Business

5.3 From Business to Society

5.4 Chemicals in a Changing World

5.5 The Relevance for PVC

5.6 PVC in the Scientific Assessment

5.7 The Engagement of the European PVC Industry for Sustainable Development

5.8 The Sustainability Challenges Resulting from the TNS Framework

5.9 Biodiversity–The Sixth Challenge?

5.10 Schedule For a Sustainable Future

5.11 Do We Accept the Challenges?

5.12 Synergistic Progress with Vinyl 2010 and VinylPlus

5.13 Innovation by Progress

5.14 Further Advantages of Proactivity for a Sustainable Development

5.15 The Pedigree for PVC

5.16 Sustainability Without Myths

5.17 PVC and the Future

References

About the Author

Subject Index